First, we study the formation of stable distributions in tagging systems, seen as an implicit form of “consensus” reached by the users of the system around the tags that best describe a resource. We show that final tag frequencies for most resources converge to power law distributions and we propose an empirical method to examine the dynamics of the convergence process, based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence measure. The convergence analysis is performed for both the most utilized tags at the top of tag distributions and the so-called long tail.
Second, we study the information structures that emerge from collaborative tagging, namely tag correlation (or folksonomy) graphs. We show how community-based network techniques can be used to extract simple tag vocabularies from the tag correlation graphs by partitioning them into subsets of related tags. Furthermore, we also show, for a specialized domain, that shared vocabularies produced by collaborative tagging are richer than the vocabularies which can be extracted from large-scale query logs provided by a major search engine.
Although the empirical analysis presented in this article is based on a set of tagging data obtained from del.icio.us, the methods developed are general, and the conclusions should be applicable across other websites that employ tagging.}, acmid = {1594176}, added-at = {2012-01-23T09:21:07.000+0100}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, articleno = {14}, author = {Robu, Valentin and Halpin, Harry and Shepherd, Hana}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2bcd93a460d0a0a6653c4adf7585deda5/chriskoerner}, description = {Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems}, doi = {10.1145/1594173.1594176}, interhash = {57aeca3df4d3d67a691ffa508be1c638}, intrahash = {bcd93a460d0a0a6653c4adf7585deda5}, issn = {1559-1131}, issue = {4}, journal = {ACM Trans. Web}, keywords = {taggingsurvey tags voc}, month = {September}, numpages = {34}, pages = {14:1--14:34}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Emergence of consensus and shared vocabularies in collaborative tagging systems}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1594173.1594176}, volume = 3, year = 2009 } @article{journals/ao/HalpinP11, added-at = {2012-01-03T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Halpin, Harry and Presutti, Valentina}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2a6ec7f37058666722145d24924a0f381/dblp}, ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/AO-2011-0095}, interhash = {d5372418e3cdb2a4de1dc6cca8976e8d}, intrahash = {a6ec7f37058666722145d24924a0f381}, journal = {Applied Ontology}, keywords = {dblp}, number = 3, pages = {263-293}, title = {The identity of resources on the Web: An ontology for Web architecture.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/ao/ao6.html#HalpinP11}, volume = 6, year = 2011 } @article{journals/mima/Halpin11, added-at = {2012-01-02T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Halpin, Harry}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2522ebbd2fe45fd9b4650b6e7fcaa485c/dblp}, ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11023-011-9230-6}, interhash = {a1b4129e83192a977696609b8fcb299c}, intrahash = {522ebbd2fe45fd9b4650b6e7fcaa485c}, journal = {Minds and Machines}, keywords = {dblp}, number = 2, pages = {153-178}, title = {Sense and Reference on the Web.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/mima/mima21.html#Halpin11}, volume = 21, year = 2011 } @inproceedings{conf/aaai/GinsbergFHT90, added-at = {2011-12-23T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Ginsberg, Matthew L. and Frank, Michael and Halpin, Michael P. and Torrance, Mark C.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/25b39be68c52e5c71c0dce7de5f8ca48b/dblp}, booktitle = {AAAI}, crossref = {conf/aaai/1990}, editor = {Shrobe, Howard E. and Dietterich, Thomas G. and Swartout, William R.}, ee = {http://www.aaai.org/Conferences/AAAI/aaai90.php}, interhash = {35630a55e8a7bef4bec3e63d1c3b3ee2}, intrahash = {5b39be68c52e5c71c0dce7de5f8ca48b}, isbn = {0-262-51057-X}, keywords = {dblp}, pages = {210-215}, publisher = {AAAI Press / The MIT Press}, title = {Search Lessons Learned from Crossword Puzzles.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/aaai/aaai90.html#GinsbergFHT90}, year = 1990 } @inproceedings{bollen2009suggestions, abstract = {Most tagging systems support the user in the tag selection process by providing tag suggestions, or recommendations, based on a popularity measurement of tags other users provided when tagging the same resource. The majority of theories and mathematical models of tagging found in the literature assume that the emergence of power laws in tagging systems is mainly driven by the imitation behavior of users when observing tag suggestions provided by the user interface of the tagging system. We present experimental results that show that the power law distribution forms regardless of whether or not tag suggestions are presented to the users.}, acmid = {1557988}, added-at = {2011-12-21T21:59:59.000+0100}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Bollen, Dirk and Halpin, Harry}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2af3f6ceb98d1d26172b3d0c00dee4a2a/beate}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia}, description = {The role of tag suggestions in folksonomies}, doi = {10.1145/1557914.1557988}, interhash = {280a97ee745f4e0409cf031a1b7ea247}, intrahash = {af3f6ceb98d1d26172b3d0c00dee4a2a}, isbn = {978-1-60558-486-7}, keywords = {folksonomy power-law preferential-attachment tag-recommendation tagging}, location = {Torino, Italy}, numpages = {2}, pages = {359--360}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {HT '09}, title = {The role of tag suggestions in folksonomies}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1557914.1557988}, year = 2009 } @article{journals/ws/HalpinL11, added-at = {2011-12-18T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Halpin, Harry and Lavrenko, Victor}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21e773fb9e97b60e5f13fd8bfaad7cd84/dblp}, ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2011.10.001}, interhash = {7b3b5873ef277707dd3becad937a4ff2}, intrahash = {1e773fb9e97b60e5f13fd8bfaad7cd84}, journal = {J. Web Sem.}, keywords = {dblp}, number = 4, pages = {474-489}, title = {Relevance feedback between hypertext and Semantic Web search: Frameworks and evaluation.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/ws/ws9.html#HalpinL11}, volume = 9, year = 2011 } @article{journals/corr/abs-0903-1788, added-at = {2011-12-05T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Bollen, Dirk and Halpin, Harry}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2690018e7e8351dfb46859ba1972549be/dblp}, ee = {http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.1788}, interhash = {280a97ee745f4e0409cf031a1b7ea247}, intrahash = {690018e7e8351dfb46859ba1972549be}, journal = {CoRR}, keywords = {dblp}, title = {The Role of Tag Suggestions in Folksonomies}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr0903.html#abs-0903-1788}, volume = {abs/0903.1788}, year = 2009 } @inproceedings{Halpin2004, added-at = {2011-12-04T21:23:09.000+0100}, author = {Halpin, Terry}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/277b32bb6447e787fc30081e9e298ab3e/voj}, booktitle = {ISTA}, editor = {Doroshenko, Anatoly E. and Halpin, Terry A. and Liddle, Stephen W. and Mayr, Heinrich C.}, interhash = {b655dea38f1afd5b3df9fb5b6a4b6916}, intrahash = {77b32bb6447e787fc30081e9e298ab3e}, isbn = {3-88579-377-6}, keywords = {orm2}, pages = {39-52}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik}, series = {LNI}, title = {Business Rule Verbalization}, volume = 48, year = 2004 } @inproceedings{halpin2007complex, abstract = {{The debate within the Web community over the optimal means by which to organize information often pits formalized classifications against distributed collaborative tagging systems. A number of questions remain unanswered, however, regarding the nature of collaborative tagging systems including whether coherent categorization schemes can emerge from unsupervised tagging by users. This paper uses data from the social bookmarking site delicio. us to examine the dynamics of collaborative tagging systems. In particular, we examine whether the distribution of the frequency of use of tags for "popular" sites with a long history (many tags and many users) can be described by a power law distribution, often characteristic of what are considered complex systems. We produce a generative model of collaborative tagging in order to understand the basic dynamics behind tagging, including how a power law distribution of tags could arise. We empirically examine the tagging history of sites in order to determine how this distribution arises over time and to determine the patterns prior to a stable distribution. Lastly, by focusing on the high-frequency tags of a site where the distribution of tags is a stabilized power law, we show how tag co-occurrence networks for a sample domain of tags can be used to analyze the meaning of particular tags given their relationship to other tags.}}, added-at = {2011-11-28T07:27:05.000+0100}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Halpin, Harry and Robu, Valentin and Shepherd, Hana}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22fcd83a2e7103a3546219c6f7f078cdb/beate}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web}, citeulike-article-id = {1326856}, citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1242602}, citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1242572.1242602}, doi = {10.1145/1242572.1242602}, interhash = {0a44c162c87ebd3186879a070d2c8c9d}, intrahash = {2fcd83a2e7103a3546219c6f7f078cdb}, isbn = {978-1-59593-654-7}, keywords = {folksonomy model tagging}, location = {Banff, Alberta, Canada}, pages = {211--220}, posted-at = {2011-09-09 20:05:03}, priority = {2}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {WWW '07}, title = {The complex dynamics of collaborative tagging}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1242572.1242602}, year = 2007 } @inproceedings{tagging-halpin, abstract = {{The debate within the Web community over the optimal means by which to organize information often pits formalized classifications against distributed collaborative tagging systems. A number of questions remain unanswered, however, regarding the nature of collaborative tagging systems including whether coherent categorization schemes can emerge from unsupervised tagging by users. This paper uses data from the social bookmarking site delicio. us to examine the dynamics of collaborative tagging systems. In particular, we examine whether the distribution of the frequency of use of tags for "popular" sites with a long history (many tags and many users) can be described by a power law distribution, often characteristic of what are considered complex systems. We produce a generative model of collaborative tagging in order to understand the basic dynamics behind tagging, including how a power law distribution of tags could arise. We empirically examine the tagging history of sites in order to determine how this distribution arises over time and to determine the patterns prior to a stable distribution. Lastly, by focusing on the high-frequency tags of a site where the distribution of tags is a stabilized power law, we show how tag co-occurrence networks for a sample domain of tags can be used to analyze the meaning of particular tags given their relationship to other tags.}}, added-at = {2011-11-25T13:04:27.000+0100}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Halpin, Harry and Robu, Valentin and Shepherd, Hana}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22fcd83a2e7103a3546219c6f7f078cdb/victorinostar}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web}, citeulike-article-id = {1326856}, citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1242602}, citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1242572.1242602}, doi = {10.1145/1242572.1242602}, interhash = {0a44c162c87ebd3186879a070d2c8c9d}, intrahash = {2fcd83a2e7103a3546219c6f7f078cdb}, isbn = {978-1-59593-654-7}, keywords = {ambiguity collaborative distribution dynamics generative_model power_law preferential_attachment stability synonymy tagging tripartite}, location = {Banff, Alberta, Canada}, pages = {211--220}, posted-at = {2011-09-09 20:05:03}, priority = {2}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {WWW '07}, title = {{The complex dynamics of collaborative tagging}}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1242572.1242602}, year = 2007 } @incollection{reference/db/Halpin09, added-at = {2011-11-25T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Halpin, Terry A.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2843912223d56352e62edcf9e1c0cbfc7/dblp}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Database Systems}, crossref = {reference/db/2009}, editor = {Liu, Ling and Özsu, M. Tamer}, ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-39940-9_251}, interhash = {016d2493d74839f9f4845d1078fd5d0c}, intrahash = {843912223d56352e62edcf9e1c0cbfc7}, isbn = {978-0-387-39940-9}, keywords = {dblp}, pages = {1941-1946}, publisher = {Springer US}, title = {Object-Role Modeling.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/reference/db/o.html#Halpin09}, year = 2009 } @incollection{books/idea/encyclopedia2005/Halpin05, added-at = {2011-11-25T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Halpin, Terry A.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/296d52dcf44a7ddddb93b89a744bf53c7/dblp}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology (III)}, crossref = {books/idea/Ency05}, editor = {Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi}, ee = {http://www.igi-global.com/Bookstore/Chapter.aspx?TitleId=14457}, interhash = {be90abe3f68ceabc5ae6556e01505b08}, intrahash = {96d52dcf44a7ddddb93b89a744bf53c7}, isbn = {1-59140-553-X}, keywords = {dblp}, pages = {1471-1475}, publisher = {Idea Group}, title = {Information Modeling in UML and ORM.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/books/collections/encyclopedia2005.html#Halpin05}, year = 2005 } @inproceedings{conf/sigir/BlancoHHMPTT11, added-at = {2011-11-24T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Blanco, Roi and Halpin, Harry and Herzig, Daniel M. and Mika, Peter and Pound, Jeffrey and Thompson, Henry S. and Tran, Duc Thanh}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2d528318226efa64405f6ccb7845b979c/dblp}, booktitle = {SIGIR}, crossref = {conf/sigir/2011}, editor = {Ma, Wei-Ying and Nie, Jian-Yun and Baeza-Yates, Ricardo A. and Chua, Tat-Seng and Croft, W. Bruce}, ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2009916.2010039}, interhash = {a5256dffe1837b86e0fe14a671473d2f}, intrahash = {d528318226efa64405f6ccb7845b979c}, isbn = {978-1-4503-0757-4}, keywords = {dblp}, pages = {923-932}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Repeatable and reliable search system evaluation using crowdsourcing.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/sigir/sigir2011.html#BlancoHHMPTT11}, year = 2011 } @inproceedings{conf/dac/HalpinCS01, added-at = {2011-11-15T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Halpin, Bill and Chen, C. Y. Roger and Sehgal, Naresh}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2df30549362ffeafcdc519c4979d1c3cd/dblp}, booktitle = {DAC}, crossref = {conf/dac/2001}, ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/378239.379065}, interhash = {4a4948dd80277dbfa6cbf05d98675f14}, intrahash = {df30549362ffeafcdc519c4979d1c3cd}, isbn = {1-58113-297-2}, keywords = {dblp}, pages = {780-783}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Timing Driven Placement using Physical Net Constraints.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/dac/dac2001.html#HalpinCS01}, year = 2001 } @article{wilson.eddie2006convergence, abstract = {
This paper discusses the effects of operational convergence, and the subsequent growth of the hybrid library model, upon the professional selfidentity of academic library staff. The role of professionalism as a concept and motivational driver within contemporary academic librarianship is examined. Main themes of investigation include the extent of work assimilation between the traditional library and computing disciplines and between professional/para-professional staff groupings. Following a review of the literature, case study research involving Learning and Information Services (LIS) departments at four British universities was undertaken, including interview and focus group work with LIS staff from across the organizational structure. Predominant challenges to professional identity include employer (rather than professional) allegiance, the growing status of the para-professional and the growth of a generic skills base as recognized by para-professional sectors such as business, finance and media.
}, added-at = {2011-11-07T20:47:02.000+0100}, author = {Wilson, Kerry M. and Eddie, Halpin}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/251d30f34f40a82b950991bf3a9af7819/oeoe}, doi = {10.1177/0961000606063888}, groups = {public}, interhash = {72e22f733c05b865f756bf05735074e7}, intrahash = {51d30f34f40a82b950991bf3a9af7819}, journal = {Journal of Librarianship and Information Science}, keywords = {ABMM50 PBL3 fixme}, number = 2, pages = {79-91}, timestamp = {2011-11-07 08:47:02}, title = {Convergence and professional identity in the academic library}, url = {http://lis.sagepub.com/content/38/2/79.abstract}, username = {oeoe}, volume = 38, year = 2006 } @inproceedings{conf/otm/HalpinC11, added-at = {2011-10-31T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Halpin, Terry A. and Curland, Matthew}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/23b9abf6e75baa1ca07a2d5cf5054360a/dblp}, booktitle = {OTM Workshops}, crossref = {conf/otm/2011-w}, editor = {Meersman, Robert and Dillon, Tharam S. and Herrero, Pilar}, ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25126-9_42}, interhash = {dbdc6b9076713e7b60bd1be13e6addf6}, intrahash = {3b9abf6e75baa1ca07a2d5cf5054360a}, isbn = {978-3-642-25125-2}, keywords = {dblp}, pages = {309-318}, publisher = {Springer}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, title = {Enriched Support for Ring Constraints.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/otm/otm2011-w.html#HalpinC11}, volume = 7046, year = 2011 } @inproceedings{conf/otm/HalpinB11, added-at = {2011-10-31T00:00:00.000+0100}, author = {Halpin, Terry A. and Balsters, Herman}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b54ffc18c58ce939eb9c329356b82779/dblp}, booktitle = {OTM Workshops}, crossref = {conf/otm/2011-w}, editor = {Meersman, Robert and Dillon, Tharam S. and Herrero, Pilar}, ee = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25126-9_36}, interhash = {1ea636b506a169f4daa4499b7743c516}, intrahash = {b54ffc18c58ce939eb9c329356b82779}, isbn = {978-3-642-25125-2}, keywords = {dblp}, pages = {256-257}, publisher = {Springer}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, title = {ORM 2011 PC Co-chairs' Message.}, url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/otm/otm2011-w.html#HalpinB11}, volume = 7046, year = 2011 }