@article{Whiten2007,
	title = {Transmission of multiple traditions within and between chimpanzee
	groups.},
	author = {Andrew Whiten and Antoine Spiteri and Victoria Horner and Kristin E Bonnie and Susan P Lambeth and Steven J Schapiro and Frans B M de Waal},
	journal = {Current Biology},
	number = {12},
	pages = {1038--1043},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.031},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2007},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/23b6599a38fe6ea5b282618ae36557fb3/perceptron},
	abstract = {Field reports provide increasing evidence for local behavioral traditions
	among fish, birds, and mammals. These findings are significant for
	evolutionary biology because social learning affords faster adaptation
	than genetic change and has generated new (cultural) forms of evolution.
	Orangutan and chimpanzee field studies suggest that like humans,
	these apes are distinctive among animals in each exhibiting over
	30 local traditions. However, direct evidence is lacking in apes
	and, with the exception of vocal dialects, in animals generally for
	the intergroup transmission that would allow innovations to spread
	widely and become evolutionarily significant phenomena. Here, we
	provide robust experimental evidence that alternative foraging techniques
	seeded in different groups of chimpanzees spread differentially not
	only within groups but serially across two further groups with substantial
	fidelity. Combining these results with those from recent social-diffusion
	studies in two larger groups offers the first experimental evidence
	that a nonhuman species can sustain unique local cultures, each constituted
	by multiple traditions. The convergence of these results with those
	from the wild implies a richness in chimpanzees' capacity for culture,
	a richness that parsimony suggests was shared with our common ancestor.},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2007.05.031}, owner = {dvanderelst}, pii = {S0960-9822(07)01410-8}, pmid = {17555968}, timestamp = {2007.11.14},
	keywords = {Animal; Animals; Behavior Behavior, Behavior; Cultural Culture; Evolution; Feeding Female; Imitative Learning; Pan Social troglodytes; }
}

@article{Whiten2005c,
	title = {Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees.},
	author = {Andrew Whiten and Victoria Horner and Frans B M de Waal},
	journal = {Nature},
	number = {7059},
	pages = {737--740},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04047},
	volume = {437},
	year = {2005},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2dbd06405d478e05ddbdab514de2cae0b/perceptron},
	abstract = {Rich circumstantial evidence suggests that the extensive behavioural
	diversity recorded in wild great apes reflects a complexity of cultural
	variation unmatched by species other than our own. However, the capacity
	for cultural transmission assumed by this interpretation has remained
	difficult to test rigorously in the field, where the scope for controlled
	experimentation is limited. Here we show that experimentally introduced
	technologies will spread within different ape communities. Unobserved
	by group mates, we first trained a high-ranking female from each
	of two groups of captive chimpanzees to adopt one of two different
	tool-use techniques for obtaining food from the same 'Pan-pipe' apparatus,
	then re-introduced each female to her respective group. All but two
	of 32 chimpanzees mastered the new technique under the influence
	of their local expert, whereas none did so in a third population
	lacking an expert. Most chimpanzees adopted the method seeded in
	their group, and these traditions continued to diverge over time.
	A subset of chimpanzees that discovered the alternative method nevertheless
	went on to match the predominant approach of their companions, showing
	a conformity bias that is regarded as a hallmark of human culture.},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04047}, owner = {dvanderelst}, pii = {nature04047}, pmid = {16113685}, timestamp = {2007.04.10},
	keywords = {Aging; Animals; Behavior; Conformity; Culture; Factors Feeding Female; Pan Social Technology; Time troglodytes; }
}

@article{Whiten2005a,
	title = {The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans.},
	author = {Andrew Whiten},
	journal = {Nature},
	number = {7055},
	pages = {52--55},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04023},
	volume = {437},
	year = {2005},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/270099ce2957a7978a1435477c30f2091/perceptron},
	abstract = {Half a century of dedicated field research has brought us from ignorance
	of our closest relatives to the discovery that chimpanzee communities
	resemble human cultures in possessing suites of local traditions
	that uniquely identify them. The collaborative effort required to
	establish this picture parallels the one set up to sequence the chimpanzee
	genome, and has revealed a complex social inheritance system that
	complements the genetic picture we are now developing.},
	doi = {10.1038/nature04023}, owner = {dvanderelst}, pii = {nature04023}, pmid = {16136127}, timestamp = {2007.04.10},
	keywords = {Animal; Animals, Animals; Behavior, Behavior; Culture; Female; Humans; Imitative Learning; Pan Social Technology Wild; troglodytes; }
}

@article{Stoinski2003,
	title = {Social learning by orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) in
	a simulated food-processing task.},
	author = {Tara S Stoinski and Andrew Whiten},
	journal = {Journal of Comparative Psychology},
	number = {3},
	pages = {272--282},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.272},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2003},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/278cbe2bbd712ce7f2c10c658c616903b/perceptron},
	abstract = {Increasing evidence for behavioral differences between populations
	of primates has created a resurgence of interest in examining mechanisms
	of information transfer between individuals. The authors examined
	the social transmission of information in 15 captive orangutans (Pongo
	abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) using a simulated food-processing task.
	Experimental subjects were shown 1 of 2 methods for removing a suite
	of defenses on an "artificial fruit." Control subjects were given
	no prior exposure before interacting with the fruit. Observing a
	model provided a functional advantage in the task, as significantly
	more experimental than control subjects opened the fruit. Within
	the experimental groups, the authors found a trend toward differences
	in the actual behaviors used to remove 1 of the defenses. Results
	support observations from the wild implying horizontal transfer of
	information in orangutans and show that a number of social learning
	processes are likely to be involved in the transfer of knowledge
	in this species.},
	doi = {10.1037/0735-7036.117.3.272}, owner = {dvanderelst}, pii = {2003-07738-007}, pmid = {14498803}, timestamp = {2007.04.10},
	keywords = {(Psychology) Animal Animals; Behavior; Communication; Environment; Feeding Female; Imitative Male; Performance; Pongo Problem Psychomotor Social Solving; Species Specificity; Transfer pygmaeus; }
}

@article{Bonnie2006,
	title = {Spread of arbitrary conventions among chimpanzees: a controlled experiment.},
	author = {Kristin E Bonnie and Victoria Horner and Andrew Whiten and Frans B M de Waal},
	journal = {Proceedings in Biological Science},
	number = {1608},
	pages = {367--372},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3733},
	volume = {274},
	year = {2006},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e9e805f6598631395f054191939a9de8/perceptron},
	abstract = {Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have a rich cultural repertoire--traditions
	common in some communities are not present in others. The majority
	of reports describe functional, material traditions, such as tool
	use. Arbitrary conventions have received far less attention. In the
	same way that observations of material culture in wild apes led to
	experiments to confirm social transmission and identify underlying
	learning mechanisms, experiments investigating how arbitrary habits
	or conventions arise and spread within a group are also required.
	The few relevant experimental studies reported thus far have relied
	on cross-species (i.e. human-ape) interaction offering limited ecological
	validity, and no study has successfully generated a tradition not
	involving tool use in an established group. We seeded one of two
	rewarded alternative endpoints to a complex sequence of behaviour
	in each of two chimpanzee groups. Each sequence spread in the group
	in which it was seeded, with many individuals unambiguously adopting
	the sequence demonstrated by a group member. In one group, the alternative
	sequence was discovered by a low ranking female, but was not learned
	by others. Since the action-sequences lacked meaning before the experiment
	and had no logical connection with reward, chimpanzees must have
	extracted both the form and benefits of these sequences through observation
	of others.},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2006.3733}, owner = {dvanderelst}, pii = {YR61H24484107641}, pmid = {17164200}, timestamp = {2007.04.05},
	keywords = {Animal; Animals; Behavior, Behavior; Cultural Economy Evolution; Female; Hierarchy, Learning; Male; Pan Social Social; Token troglodytes; }
}

@book{byrne:88a,
	title = {Machiavelian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {R. Byrne and A. Whiten},
	publisher = {Clarendon Press},
	year = {1988},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/28aa56142f476596b0ba09c9a5c35ec65/hanappe},
	keywords = {imported }
}

@article{journals/toms/KocisW97,
	title = {Computational Investigations of Low-Discrepancy Sequences.},
	author = {Ladislav Kocis and William J. Whiten},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Math. Softw.},
	number = {2},
	pages = {266-294},
	url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/toms/toms23.html#KocisW97},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1997},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/238d937f788cb8e07eedc99eb0ccbed1b/dblp},
	description = {dblp},
	ee = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/264029.264064}, date = {2003-11-27},
	keywords = {dblp }
}

@article{journals/acj/Whiten72,
	title = {The Use of Periodic Spline Functions for Regression and Smoothing.},
	author = {W. J. Whiten},
	journal = {Australian Computer Journal},
	number = {1},
	pages = {31-34},
	url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/acj/acj4.html#Whiten72},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1972},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/299b7d7cec5160e9d9b5d8ff48d7e4ad0/dblp},
	description = {dblp},
	date = {2003-02-26},
	keywords = {dblp }
}

@article{journals/cogsci/Whiten00,
	title = {Primate culture and social learning.},
	author = {Andrew Whiten},
	journal = {Cognitive Science},
	number = {3},
	pages = {477-508},
	url = {http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/cogsci/cogsci24.html#Whiten00},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2000},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2c209216fd71205734d2fd23ae73f62d4/dblp},
	description = {dblp},
	date = {2002-01-03},
	keywords = {dblp }
}