@article{dzidek08tose, title = {A Realistic Empirical Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of UML in Software Maintenance}, author = {James Dzidek and Erik Arisholm and Lionel Claude Briand}, journal = {IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering}, month = {June}, year = 2008, url = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TSE.2008.15}, abstract = {The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is the de facto standard for object-oriented software analysis and design modeling. However, few empirical studies exist that investigate the costs and evaluate the benefits of using UML in realistic contexts. Such studies are needed so that the software industry can make informed decisions regarding the extent to which they should adopt UML in their development practices. This is the first controlled experiment that investigates the costs of maintaining and the benefits of using UML documentation during the maintenance and evolution of a real, non-trivial system, using professional developers as subjects, working with a state-of-the-art UML tool during an extended period of time. The subjects in the control group had no UML documentation. In this experiment, the subjects in the UML group had on average a practically and statistically significant 54\% increase in the functional correctness of changes (p=0.03), an insignificant 7\% overall improvement in design quality (p=0.22) - though a much larger improvement was observed on the first change task (56\%) - at the expense of an insignificant 14\% increase in development time caused by the overhead of updating the UML documentation (p=0.35).}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2861899e60b360da6a2fad6dcd36f2d99/neilernst}, keywords = {uml should-read empirical} } @article{StatusEmpiricalResearch, title = {Status of Empirical Research in Software Engineering}, author = {Andreas Höfer and Walter Tichy}, journal = {Empirical Software Engineering Issues. Critical Assessment and Future Directions}, pages = {10--19}, year = 2007, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71301-2_3}, description = {SpringerLink - Buchkapitel}, abstract = {We provide an assessment of the status of empirical software research by analyzing all refereed articles that appeared in the Journal of Empirical Software Engineering from its first issue in January 1996 through June 2006. The journal publishesempirical software research exclusively and it is the only journal to do so. The main findings are: 1. The dominant empiricalmethods are experiments and case studies. Other methods (correlational studies, meta analysis, surveys, descriptive approaches,ex post facto studies) occur infrequently; long-term studies are missing. About a quarter of the experiments are replications.2. Professionals are used somewhat more frequently than students as subjects. 3. The dominant topics studied are measurement/metricsand tools/methods/frameworks. Metrics research is dominated by correlational and case studies without any experiments. 4.Important topics are underrepresented or absent, for example: programming languages, model driven development, formal methods,and others. The narrow focus on a few empirically researched topics is in contrast to the broad scope of software research.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2eb35a3a44695f6a6557a4c73a0a2212a/gron}, keywords = {empirical} } @inproceedings{MeasuringAOP, title = {Towards a unified coupling framework for measuring aspect-oriented programs}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Thiago T. Bartolomei and Alessandro Garcia and Claudio Sant'Anna and Eduardo Figueiredo}, booktitle = {SOQUA '06: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Software quality assurance}, pages = {46--53}, publisher = {ACM}, year = 2006, location = {Portland, Oregon}, file = {:C\:\\g\\projects\\Softwaresystemtechnik\\Masterarbeit\\Literatur\\AOP\\p46-bartolomei.pdf:PDF}, isbn = {1-59593-584-3}, doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1188895.1188907}, description = {Thesis}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2bf134325bae238fa2f752c8c619c955e/gron}, keywords = {empirical Metrics programming Thesis coupling assessment aspect-oriented} } @inproceedings{Winkler:2006:GECCOWKS, title = {Using Enhanced Genetic Programming Techniques for Evolving Classifiers in the Context of Medical Diagnosis - An Empirical Study}, address = {Seattle, WA, USA}, author = {Stephan M. Winkler and Michael Affenzeller and Stefan Wagner}, booktitle = {MedGEC 2006 GECCO Workshop on Medical Applications of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation}, editor = {Stephen L Smith and Stefano Cagnoni and Jano {van Hemert}}, month = {8 July}, year = 2006, url = {http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gecco2006etc/papers/wksp115.pdf}, size = {8 pages}, abstract = {There are several data based methods in the field of artificial intelligence which are nowadays frequently used for analysing classification problems in the context of medical applications. As we show in this paper, the application of enhanced evolutionary computation techniques to classification problems has the potential to evolve classifiers of even higher quality than those trained by standard machine learning methods. On the basis of three medical benchmark classification problems, namely the Wisconsin and the Thyroid data sets taken from the UCI repository as well as the Melanoma data set prepared by members of the Department of Dermatology of the Medical University Vienna, we document that the enhanced genetic programming based approach presented here is able to produce better results than linear modelling methods, artificial neural networks, kNN classification and also standard genetic programming approaches.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2082607ddcc1ec30a768feef7d6b7255b/brazovayeye}, keywords = {genetic Classifier Study, Empirical Medicine algorithms, programming. Systems, Adaptation/Self-Adaptation,} } @article{Narendra:2006:CG, title = {Prediction of unconfined compressive strength of soft grounds using computational intelligence techniques: {A} comparative study}, author = {B. S. Narendra and P. V. Sivapullaiah and S. Suresh and S. N. Omkar}, journal = {Computers and Geotechnics}, month = {April}, number = 3, pages = {196--208}, volume = 33, year = 2006, doi = {doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2006.03.006}, abstract = {Cement stabilisation is one of the commonly used techniques to improve the strength of soft ground/clays, generally found along coastal and low land areas. The strength development in cement stabilization technique depends on the soil properties, cement content, curing period and environmental conditions. For optimal and effective use of cement, there is a need to develop a mathematical model relating the gain in strength in terms of the variables responsible. The existing empirical model in the literature assumes linear variation of normalised strength with the logarithm of curing period and hence, different empirical models are required for different conditions of the same soil. Also, the accuracy of strength prediction is unsatisfactory. Due to unknown functional relationships and nonlinearity in strength development, in this paper the computational intelligence techniques such as multilayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF) and genetic programming (GP) are used to develop a mathematical model. To generate the mathematical model, an experimental study is conducted to obtain the strength of three inland soils namely, red earth (CL), brown earth (CH) and black cotton soil (CH) for different water contents, cement contents and curing periods. In order to generate a generic mathematical model using computational intelligence techniques, two saline soils (Ariake clay-3 and Ariake clay-4) and three inland soils are used. A detailed study of the relative performance of the computational intelligence techniques and the empirical model has been carried out.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2250cd18d1a9526ca8376ffd20bfaa135/brazovayeye}, keywords = {Soft algorithms, ground, strength stabilisation, Unconfined perceptron, model, genetic soil, function, Empirical Multilayer programming, Saline basis compressive Radial Cement} } @inproceedings{1277283, title = {On the behavioral diversity of random programs}, address = {London}, author = {Moshe Looks}, booktitle = {GECCO '07: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation}, editor = {Dirk Thierens and Hans-Georg Beyer and Josh Bongard and Jurgen Branke and John Andrew Clark and Dave Cliff and Clare Bates Congdon and Kalyanmoy Deb and Benjamin Doerr and Tim Kovacs and Sanjeev Kumar and Julian F. Miller and Jason Moore and Frank Neumann and Martin Pelikan and Riccardo Poli and Kumara Sastry and Kenneth Owen Stanley and Thomas Stutzle and Richard A Watson and Ingo Wegener}, month = {7-11 July}, pages = {1636--1642}, publisher = {ACM Press}, volume = 2, year = 2007, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1276958.1277283}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, organisation = {ACM SIGEVO (formerly ISGEC)}, abstract = {Generating a random sampling of program trees with specified function and terminal sets is the initial step of many program evolution systems. I present a theoretical and experimental analysis of the expected distribution of uniformly sampled programs, guided by algorithmic information theory. This analysis demonstrates that increasing the sample size is often an inefficient means of increasing the overall diversity of program behaviours (outputs). A novel sampling scheme (semantic sampling) is proposed that exploits semantics to heuristically increase behavioral diversity. An important property of the scheme is that no calls of the problem-specific fitness function are required. Its effectiveness at increasing behavioural diversity is demonstrated empirically for Boolean formulae. Furthermore, it is found to lead to statistically significant improvements in performance for genetic programming on parity and multiplexer problems.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2805e08991b67294c84b410cd1d51f57a/brazovayeye}, keywords = {representation heuristics, optimisation, Study, algorithms, programming, genetic empirical} } @inproceedings{1277072, title = {Scalable estimation-of-distribution program evolution}, address = {London}, author = {Moshe Looks}, booktitle = {GECCO '07: Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation}, editor = {Dirk Thierens and Hans-Georg Beyer and Josh Bongard and Jurgen Branke and John Andrew Clark and Dave Cliff and Clare Bates Congdon and Kalyanmoy Deb and Benjamin Doerr and Tim Kovacs and Sanjeev Kumar and Julian F. Miller and Jason Moore and Frank Neumann and Martin Pelikan and Riccardo Poli and Kumara Sastry and Kenneth Owen Stanley and Thomas Stutzle and Richard A Watson and Ingo Wegener}, month = {7-11 July}, pages = {539--546}, publisher = {ACM Press}, volume = 1, year = 2007, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1276958.1277072}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, organisation = {ACM SIGEVO (formerly ISGEC)}, size = {7 pages}, abstract = {I present a new estimation-of-distribution approach to program evolution where distributions are not estimated over the entire space of programs. Rather, a novel representation-building procedure that exploits domain knowledge is used to dynamically select program subspaces for estimation over. This leads to a system of demes consisting of alternative representations (i.e. program subspaces) that are maintained simultaneously and managed by the overall system. Meta-optimising semantic evolutionary search (MOSES), a program evolution system based on this approach, is described, and its representation-building subcomponent is analysed in depth. Experimental results are also provided for the overall MOSES procedure that demonstrate good scalability.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2d11b00012bfd666c4f2918331b8a4db8/brazovayeye}, keywords = {empirical Estimation heuristics, Distribution algorithms, representation Study, programming, optimisation, of Algorithms, genetic} } @inproceedings{1068134, title = {Learning computer programs with the bayesian optimization algorithm}, address = {Washington DC, USA}, author = {Moshe Looks and Ben Goertzel and Cassio Pennachin}, booktitle = {{GECCO 2005}: Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation}, editor = {Hans-Georg Beyer and Una-May O'Reilly and Dirk V. Arnold and Wolfgang Banzhaf and Christian Blum and Eric W. Bonabeau and Erick Cantu-Paz and Dipankar Dasgupta and Kalyanmoy Deb and James A. Foster and Edwin D. {de Jong} and Hod Lipson and Xavier Llora and Spiros Mancoridis and Martin Pelikan and Guenther R. Raidl and Terence Soule and Andy M. Tyrrell and Jean-Paul Watson and Eckart Zitzler}, month = {25-29 June}, pages = {747--748}, publisher = {ACM Press}, volume = 1, year = 2005, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1068009.1068134}, address = {New York, NY, 10286-1405, USA}, isbn = {1-59593-010-8}, organisation = {ACM SIGEVO (formerly ISGEC)}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/298b82d703f6ff6f1394a89b2ee72fec7/brazovayeye}, keywords = {empirical representations genetic design, Poster, of Algorithms, algorithms, study, Estimation Distribution programming,} } @incollection{kotanchek:2003:GPTP, title = {Industrial Strength Genetic Programming}, author = {Mark Kotanchek and Guido Smits and Arthur Kordon}, booktitle = {Genetic Programming Theory and Practise}, chapter = 15, editor = {Rick L. Riolo and Bill Worzel}, pages = {239--256}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = 2003, isbn = {1-4020-7581-2}, size = {18 pages}, abstract = {Since the mid-1990's, symbolic regression via genetic programming (GP) has become a core component of a multi-disciplinary approach to empirical modeling at Dow Chemical. Herein we review the role of symbolic regression within an integrated empirical modeling methodology, discuss symbolic regression system design issues, best practices and lessons learned from industrial application, and present future directions for research and application}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/23e6db93e7049cd83d20d06eeb9886ffc/brazovayeye}, keywords = {Regression, algorithms, Modeling, Support programming, Empirical Machines, genetic Networks Symbolic Vector Neural SVM, ANN,} } @inproceedings{kordon:2001:gecco, title = {Soft Sensor Development Using Genetic Programming}, address = {San Francisco, California, USA}, author = {Arthur K. Kordon and Guido F. Smits}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2001)}, editor = {Lee Spector and Erik D. Goodman and Annie Wu and W. B. Langdon and Hans-Michael Voigt and Mitsuo Gen and Sandip Sen and Marco Dorigo and Shahram Pezeshk and Max H. Garzon and Edmund Burke}, month = {7-11 July}, pages = {1346--1351}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = 2001, url = {http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gecco2001/d24.pdf}, address = {San Francisco, CA 94104, USA}, isbn = {1-55860-774-9}, abstract = {Dow Chemical Company}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ec275a38f16f8bfe36c9a7945a2b893c/brazovayeye}, keywords = {intelligent, real soft applications, programming, sensors, world algorithms, hybrid empirical modeling systems, genetic} } @article{keijzer:2002:GPEM, title = {Declarative and Preferential Bias in {GP}-based Scientific Discovery}, author = {Maarten Keijzer and Vladan Babovic}, journal = {Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines}, month = {March}, number = 1, pages = {41--79}, volume = 3, year = 2002, issn = {1389-2576}, notes = {Article ID: 395989}, doi = {doi:10.1023/A:1014596120381}, abstract = {This work examines two methods for evolving dimensionally correct equations on the basis of data. It is demonstrated that the use of units of measurement aids in evolving equations that are amenable to interpretation by domain specialists. One method uses a strong typing approach that implements a declarative bias towards correct equations, the other method uses a coercion mechanism in order to implement a preferential bias towards the same objective. Four experiments using real-world, unsolved scientific problems were performed in order to examine the differences between the approaches and to judge the worth of the induction methods. Not only does the coercion approach perform significantly better on two out of the four problems when compared to the strongly typed approach, but it also regularizes the expressions it induces, resulting in a more reliable search process. A trade-off between type correctness and ability to solve the problem is identified. Due to the preferential bias implemented in the coercion approach, this trade-off does not lead to sub-optimal performance. No evidence is found that the reduction of the search space achieved through declarative bias helps in finding better solutions faster. In fact, for the class of scientific discovery problems the opposite seems to be the case.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/259f44e6d8a525fa9e18d0b5d66ba4148/brazovayeye}, keywords = {hydraulics genetic strong algorithms, symbolic typing, regression, empirical coercion equations, programming,} } @article{Grosman:2005:tSM, title = {Yield enhancement in photolithography through model-based process control: average mode control}, author = {Benyamin Grosman and Sivan Lachman-Shalem and Raaya Swissa and D. R. Lewin}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing}, month = {February}, number = 1, pages = {86--93}, volume = 18, year = 2005, issn = {0894-6507}, doi = {10.1109/TSM.2004.836654}, abstract = {This work describes the fabrication facility (FAB) implementation of a multivariable nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) for the regulation of critical dimensions (CD) in photolithography. The controller is based on nonlinear empirical models relating the stepper inputs, exposure dose and focus on the isolated and dense CDs measured by scanning electron microscopy. Since the adjustments are made on the basis of the average value of five measured points in each wafer, this is referred to as average mode control. The optimal structure and parameters of these empirical models were determined by genetic programming, to closely match FAB data. The tuning and testing of the NMPC regulator were facilitated by the use of a simulated photolithography track, using the KLA-Tencor-FINLE PROLITH package, suitably calibrated to match FAB conditions. On implementation in the FAB, the NMPC has been demonstrated to consistently maintain the CDs close to their setpoint values, despite unmeasured disturbances such as shifts in uncontrolled inputs. It was also shown that adopting the multivariable feedback regulatory strategy to regulate the CDs results in significant improvements in the die yield.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2de7e74f446b0ed19dd86ec08cede2b44/brazovayeye}, keywords = {process predictive multivariable control facility package, PROLITH systems, enhancement feedback model optimal average circuit based empirical simulated semiconductor programming, KLA-Tencor-FINLE yield controller, structure, implementation, scanning microscopy, integrated manufacture, strategy, nonlinear stepper fabrication genetic setpoint regulatory parameters, inputs, models, modelling values, mode photolithography, electron control, algorithms,} } @article{Greeff:1998:CCE, title = {Empirical modelling of chemical process systems with evolutionary programming}, author = {D. J Greeff and C. Aldrich}, journal = {Computers \& Chemical Engineering}, number = {7-8}, pages = {995--1005}, volume = 22, year = 1998, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TFT-3TKV02R-F/2/30657596f48ca16571ac48098a948833}, owner = {wlangdon}, doi = {doi:10.1016/S0098-1354(97)00271-8}, abstract = {Through the use of evolutionary computation, empirical models for chemical processes can be evolved that are more cost-effective than models determined by means of classical statistical techniques. These strategies do not require explicit specification of a model structure, but explore candidate models assembled from sets of variables, parameters and simple mathematical operators. The application of the proposed strategies is illustrated by means of three examples, two of which are based on data pertaining to leaching experiments. Since the evolved models were derived from terminal sets containing only the most basic operators, their structures tended to be complicated, making for less easy interpretation, similar to neural networks and other non-parametric models. Nonetheless, the evolved models were either of comparable accuracy or significantly more accurate than those which were previously developed by means of standard least-squares methods.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2c555459cd8b5667b703a0c3179ce4c21/brazovayeye}, keywords = {programming, genetic algorithms, empirical modelling} } @article{Dolado:2001:SCF, title = {On the Problem of the Software Cost Function}, author = {Jose J. Dolado}, journal = {Information and Software Technology}, month = {1 January}, number = 1, pages = {61--72}, volume = 43, year = 2001, url = {http://www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/09505849}, size = {12 pages}, abstract = {The question of finding a function for software cost estimation is a long-standing issue in the software engineering field. The results of other works have shown different patterns for the unknown function, which relates software size to project cost (effort). In this work, the research about this problem has been made by using the technique of Genetic Programming (GP) for exploring the possible cost functions. Both standard regression analysis and GP have been applied and compared on several data sets. However, regardless of the method, the basic size-effort relationship does not show satisfactory results, from the predictive point of view, across all data sets. One of the results of this work is that we have not found significant deviations from the linear model in the software cost functions. This result comes from the marginal cost analysis of the equations with best predictive values.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2548f93d05e72f74a7c7c5a444569d128/brazovayeye}, keywords = {estimation, Empirical programming, software cost algorithms, function, genetic Cost research} } @article{Ashour:2003:CS, title = {Empirical modelling of shear strength of {RC} deep beams by genetic programming}, author = {A. F. Ashour and L. F. Alvarez and V. V. Toropov}, journal = {Computers and Structures}, month = {March}, number = 5, pages = {331--338}, volume = 81, year = 2003, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V28-47S6J5M-5/2/03211d57903fd1d7c48ac56fb32d1d36}, doi = {doi:10.1016/S0045-7949(02)00437-6}, abstract = {This paper investigates the feasibility of using previous termgeneticnext term programming (GP) to create an empirical model for the complicated non-linear relationship between various input parameters associated with reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams and their ultimate shear strength. GP is a relatively new form of artificial intelligence, and is based on the ideas of Darwinian theory of evolution and previous termgenetics.next term The size and structural complexity of the empirical model are not specified in advance, but these characteristics evolve as part of the prediction. The engineering knowledge on RC deep beams is also included in the search process through the use of appropriate mathematical functions. The model produced by GP is constructed directly from a set of experimental results available in the literature. The validity of the obtained model is examined by comparing its response with the shear strength of the training and other additional datasets. The developed model is then used to study the relationships between the shear strength and different influencing parameters. The predictions obtained from GP agree well with experimental observations.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ca22747aa282329e913dc31c06cedd16/brazovayeye}, keywords = {deep beams, programming, genetic model algorithms, Empirical concrete Reinforced building} } @inproceedings{JaHP08, title = {Modellierung statt Interviews? Eine ‚neue’ qualitative Erhebungsmethode}, author = {Isa Jahnke and Thomas Herrmann and Michael Prilla}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Mensch und Computer 2008 (forthcoming)}, year = 2008, groups = {public}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/284372acc69e94513cf235fa377fe650e/michael}, keywords = {myown stwt ownstuff maris empirical modeling imtm DISS} } @article{pikkarainen08ese, title = {The impact of agile practices on communication in software development}, author = {M. Pikkarainen and J. Haikara and O. Salo and P. Abrahamsson and J. Still}, editor = {Tore Dybå}, journal = {Empirical Software Engineering}, year = 2008, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10664-008-9065-9}, abstract = {Agile software development practices such as eXtreme Programming (XP) and SCRUM have increasingly been adopted to respond to the challenges of volatile business environments, where the markets and technologies evolve rapidly and present the unexpected.In spite of the encouraging results so far, little is known about how agile practices affect communication. This article presents the results from a study which examined the impact of XP and SCRUM practices on communication within software development teams and within the focal organization. The research was carried out as a case study in F-Secure where two agile software development projects were compared from the communication perspective. The goal of the study is to increase the understanding of communication in the context of agile software development: internally among the developers and project leaders and in the interface between the development team and stakeholders (i.e. customers, testers, other development teams). The study shows that agile practices improve both informal and formal communication. However, it further indicates that, in larger development situations involving multiple external stakeholders, a mismatch of adequate communication mechanisms can sometimes even hinder the communication. The study highlights the fact that hurdles and improvements in the communication process can both affect the feature requirements and task subtask dependencies as described in coordination theory. While the use of SCRUM and some XP practices facilitate team and organizational communication of the dependencies between product features and working tasks,the use of agile practices requires that the team and organization use also additional plan-driven practices to ensure the efficiency of external communication between all the actors of software development.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/251b0ef8b8fa0269a593e586063d5048f/neilernst}, keywords = {should-read software agile empirical} } @article{2999181020080101, title = {Current Trends and Challenges in Electronic Procurement: An Empirical Study.}, author = {Christian Tanner and Ralf Wölfle and Petra Schubert and Michael Quade}, journal = {Electronic Markets}, number = 1, pages = {p6 - 18}, volume = 18, year = 20080101, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=29991810&site=ehost-live}, issn = {10196781}, abstract = {This paper presents results from a longitudinal study on the use of ICT for B2B-related business processes in large Swiss companies. In an empirical survey, 68 questionnaires were personally collected from procurement heads and subsequently analysed. The study was initiated by industry partners who wanted to gain more detailed knowledge about the maturity of e-procurement in the Swiss market. Based on an extensive literature review and previous empirical studies, we developed a research framework addressing strategic as well as operational issues. The findings show that reduction of purchase prices is the top priority when setting procurement goals. For 78.2% of the respondents IT makes an important contribution to successfully carrying out the procurement function. Nevertheless, these companies are striving for further optimization and improved process integration. Electronic exchange of invoices (e-invoicing) is a current key topic for over 70% of the companies. Procurement heads se}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b22ce6743ea669573ead483074c41fbf/ko160207}, keywords = {transactions, commerce, SUPPLY eprocurement, EMPIRICAL research, e-commerce, Swiss, surveys, B2B survey study, empirical ELECTRONIC SME, e-procurement, INDUSTRIAL BUSINESS-to-business procurement, CORPORATIONS, chains, QUANTITATIVE} } @article{Kane2004, title = {Scientific methods in finance}, author = {Stephen Kane}, journal = {International Review of Financial Analysis}, month = 00, number = 1, pages = {105--118}, volume = 13, year = 2004, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W4W-4BJK5SH-1/1/225ef35f27b2fb881f6240cadb4ee5b4}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e92e10a52311d1221cc12df94c402f52/smicha}, keywords = {research Empirical} }