@article{citeulike:467023,
        title = {Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men.},
        address = {Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. pischon@mail.dife.de},
        author = {T. Pischon and C. J. Girman and F. M. Sacks and N. Rifai and M. J. Stampfer and E. B. Rimm},
        journal = {Circulation},
        month = {November},
        number = 22,
        pages = {3375--3383},
        volume = 112,
        year = 2005,
        url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532499},
        id = {467023},
	issn = {1524-4539},
	priority = {2},
	doi = {10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532499},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein B (apoB) plasma levels reflect the concentration of proatherogenic lipoproteins very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels reflect the concentration of cholesterol transported by these particles. METHODS AND RESULTS: The aim of our study was to compare apoB, non-HDL-C, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and other lipid markers as predictors of coronary heart disease (CHD) in a nested case-control study among 18 225 participants in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Among men who were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease at the time of blood collection, 266 had nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal CHD during 6 years of follow-up. Through the use of risk set sampling, control subjects were selected at a 2:1 ratio and matched with regard to age, date of blood collection, and smoking status. After adjustment for matching factors, the relative risk of CHD in the highest quintile compared with the lowest quintile was 2.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.66 to 4.58) for non-HDL-C, 3.01 (95% CI, 1.81 to 5.00) for apoB, 1.81 (95% CI, 1.12 to 2.93) for LDL-C, 0.31 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.52) for HDL-C, 2.41 (95% CI, 1.43 to 4.07) for triglycerides (all P trend <0.001), and 1.42 (95% CI, 0.86 to 2.32, P trend =0.19) for lipoprotein(a). When non-HDL-C and LDL-C were mutually adjusted, only non-HDL-C was predictive of CHD. When non-HDL-C and apoB were mutually adjusted, only apoB was predictive; the relative risk was 4.18 (95% CI, 1.30 to 13.49; P trend =0.02) for apoB compared with 0.70 (95% CI, 0.21 to 2.27; P trend =0.72) for non-HDL-C. Triglycerides added significant information to non-HDL-C but not to apoB for CHD risk prediction. CONCLUSIONS: Although non-HDL-C and apoB were both strong predictors of CHD in this male cohort, more so than LDL-C, the findings support the concept that the plasma concentration of atherogenic lipoprotein particles measured by apoB is more predictive in development of CHD than the cholesterol carried by these particles, measured by non-HDL-C.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27675a344577e2612ea3a271a5010d6e4/biblio24},
	keywords = {hdl ldl apob cholesterol}
}

@article{citeulike:486026,
        title = {Detection of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins Using Surface Plasmon Resonance},
        address = {Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, United Kingdom},
        author = {Elizabeth A. and Hall},
        journal = {Analytical Chemistry},
        month = {May},
        number = 13,
        pages = {2459--2467},
        volume = 71,
        year = 1999,
        url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac981219n},
        id = {486026},
	priority = {2},
	doi = {10.1021/ac981219n},
	abstract = {Management of atherosclerosis is a high priority target. If this is to be achieved, the early detection of risk and risk factors are paramount and integrated with this is a need for the detection of the oxidation state of a patient's low density lipoprotein (LDL). Presently no readily usable technique exists for their rapid determination and in order to develop such a technique a monitoring system must be devised which distinguishes a parameter which changes on oxidation and distinguishes critical and noncritical oxidation products. The strategy which is investigated here is based on the use of a heparin-modified Au-surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device as a modulator of LDL binding, according to its oxidation state. Heparin is strongly negatively charged and seven binding sites for heparin have been identified on the LDL apoprotein consisting of arginine and lysine clusters; these are regarded as identical to the LDL receptor binding sites. The heparin-modified surface was calibrated for LDL and a calibration factor of 1.84 × 109 particles mm-2 o-1 SPR and instrumental resolution of 9 × 106 particles mm-2 obtained which gives sufficient scope to distinguish LDL dependent binding. LDL oxidation could involve the protein and/or lipoprotein, the latter being of interest for athersclerosis risk and the LDL binding to heparin was shown to decrease with degree of protein oxidation as determined by the free amino groups (fluorescamine assay), but was not influenced by lipid oxidation (determined by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay, TBARS). The SPR based assay was tested for LDL in plasma and the calibration found to follow that obtained in buffer, although the scatter was higher, probably due to interference from other plasma species. Nevertheless, in the context of the normal distribution of LDL in healthy patients, the assay would almost certainly be able to determine Ox-LDL in atherosclerotic patients.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2971d96b23a31a513450ce6eb2a52968a/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl spr}
}

@article{citeulike:486029,
        title = {Assessment of the fifth ligand-binding repeat (LR5) of the LDL receptor as an analytical reagent for LDL binding.},
        address = {Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1QT.},
        author = {K. Gaus and A. Basran and E. A. Hall},
        journal = {Analyst},
        month = {March},
        number = 3,
        pages = {329--336},
        volume = 126,
        year = 2001,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=11284334},
        id = {486029},
	issn = {0003-2654},
	priority = {2},
	doi = {10.1039/b008725o},
	abstract = {The fifth ligand binding repeat (LR5) of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor was assessed ex vivo as an 'analytical reagent' to distinguish LDL state, in atherosclerosis risk monitoring. LR5 was immobilized to mercaptoundecanoic acid modified gold surfaces via a glycine linker. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to monitor LDL binding. Unfolded LR5 was ineffectual as an affinity ligand for LDL but refolded LR5 showed a high affinity for native LDL but little affinity for oxidized LDL. LR5 refolded in the presence of calcium or EDTA gave the equivalent LDL binding capacity. However, EDTA-LR5 was less stable than Ca-LR5 at pH 5 and, from tryptophan fluorescence evidence, they appeared to involve different regions of LR5 and/or LDL in the binding. Involvement of amino acid residues of the calcium cage of LR5 was tested in LDL binding by monitoring calcium ion release with a calcium ionophore. The results were consistent with approximately 7-8 LR5 binding per LDL, of which only some induce calcium release (a maximum of approximately 25 mol% calcium, based on LR5, was released during LDL binding). For LDL binding to the LDL receptor in vivo more than one ligand-binding repeat is needed and this may be consistent with LR5 acting here also at binding sites which other LRs normally occupy in the LDL-LDL receptor complex. This initial study is encouraging for the use of a minimum peptide repeat array based on the conserved region of the LRs as an affinity surface for atherosclerosis risk monitoring.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2d27bfa455757918f10a15c0dbca5f93a/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl spr}
}

@article{citeulike:486034,
        title = {Low density lipoprotein interaction with amino acid-modified self assembled monolayers on surface plasmon resonance surfaces},
        author = {Katharina Gaus and Elizabeth A. Hall},
        journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},
        month = {October},
        number = 1,
        pages = {3--17},
        volume = 470,
        year = 2002,
        url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TF4-45VCHP8-7/2/f47b5f59b9e1b482b82b5200508dd83e},
        id = {486034},
	priority = {2},
	doi = {10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00256-8},
	abstract = {Using a 1-mercaptundeconoic acid assembled on Au, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to investigate specificity of low density lipoprotein (LDL) interaction with the surface. The 1-mercaptundeconoic acid was dispersed in a mixed 1-mercaptoundecanol: 1-mercapto-octyl-hexa(ethylene glycol) (80:20) self assembled monolayer (SAM) showing an LDL adsorption dependent on 1-mercaptundeconoic acid. The 1-mercaptundeconoic acid SAM was modified by coupling amino acids via the N-terminal. Glycine modification gave a surface that resisted LDL adsorption. Amino acids with -COOH side chains favoured LDL adsorption, whereas lysine encourages oxidised LDL (oxLDL) adsorption. Comparison with LDL and macrophage scavenger receptors indicated some useful amino acid combinations that were shown to have a high affinity for native but not oxLDL (aspartate-glutamate) or vice versa (lysine-lysine). Sequences with affinity for oxidised but not native LDL were either net positively charged or contained thiol-groups: a correlation with known oxLDL scavengers did not show complete homology here, but indicated some similarities. The \&lsquo;best\&rsquo; (GlyCystineSerAspGlu and GlyLysLys-OH) surfaces were selected from the library for determination of native and oxLDL, respectively and detection limits of 1 [mu]g ml-1 estimated in both cases. The ratio of the adsorption on these surfaces was shown to give a robust estimate of the degree of LDL oxidation as related to the relative electrophoretic mobility (REM).},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2c25bfd3e17944981d8b6e7ff2f744998/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl spr}
}

@article{citeulike:489594,
        title = {Monoclonal antibodies to human plasma low-density lipoproteins. II. Evaluation for use in radioimmunoassay for apolipoprotein B in patients with coronary artery disease.},
        author = {J. G. Patton and J. J. Badimon and S. J. Mao},
        journal = {Clinical Chemistry},
        month = {November},
        number = 11,
        pages = {1898--1903},
        volume = 29,
        year = 1983,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=6627628},
        id = {489594},
	issn = {0009-9147},
	priority = {2},
	abstract = {We describe the importance of the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) used in preparing radioimmunoassay standard curves and the clinical application of monoclonal antibodies to LDL. LDL isolated from five normal men produced five parallel displacement curves with conventional mouse antiserum but there was a significant difference of immunoreactivity among the LDL. None of our four monoclonal antibodies could eliminate the heterogeneous immunoreactivity of different LDL. Thus, the determination of plasma apolipoprotein (apo) B will vary depending on the selection of LDL standards, and the comparison of absolute apo B values between laboratories will be of questionable value unless they use the same LDL standard. Nonetheless, in a radioimmunoassay our monoclonal antibody, LP-22, detected a more significant (p less than 0.0001) increase of plasma apo B in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease than did conventional antiserum (p less than 0.001). In addition, the overlap of apo B concentrations for patients with and without disease was less when monoclonal antibody LP-22 was used. We conclude that patients with coronary artery disease have a significant increase in the form of plasma apo B that is specifically recognized by LP-22 monoclonal antibody. Perhaps monoclonal antibodies will be able to sort out the various components of apo B, delineate their possible atherogenic roles, and offer us a predictive value for diagnosing such patients.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2691ec087a5dcffd8277f2fe8582f1a6b/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl apob elisa}
}

@article{citeulike:489677,
        title = {Development of an integrated model for analysis of the kinetics of apolipoprotein B in plasma very low density lipoproteins, intermediate density lipoproteins, and low density lipoproteins.},
        author = {W. F. Beltz and Y. A. Kesäniemi and B. V. Howard and S. M. Grundy},
        journal = {The Journal of Clinical Investigation},
        month = {August},
        number = 2,
        pages = {575--585},
        volume = 76,
        year = 1985,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=4031063},
        id = {489677},
	issn = {0021-9738},
	priority = {2},
	abstract = {To quantify more precisely the metabolism of apolipoprotein B (apo B) in human beings, an integrated model was developed for the analysis of the isotope kinetics of apo B in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), and low density lipoproteins (LDL). The experimental basis for model development was a series of 30 triple-isotope studies in which patients received autologous 131I-VLDL, 125I-IDL, and [3H]glycerol as a precursor of VLDL triglycerides. The currently proposed model contains the following components: (a) a VLDL delipidation cascade that has a variable number of subcompartments, (b) a slowly catabolized pool of VLDL, (c) an IDL compartment consisting of two closely connected subcompartments, one of which is outside the immediate circulation, and (d) a two-compartment subsystem for LDL. Because mass data indicate that not all VLDL were converted to LDL, the model allows for irreversible removal of apo B from VLDL (or IDL) subsystems. It accounts for apparent "direct" input of LDL by postulating an early, rapidly metabolized compartment of VLDL that is converted directly to IDL. The model appears to be consistent with specific activity curves from the current triple-isotope studies and with present concepts of lipoprotein physiology; it also can be used to quantify pathways of lipoprotein apo B transport in normal and abnormal states.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2da942bbf428b8603438371aa01a4669f/biblio24},
	keywords = {hdl ldl apob}
}

@article{citeulike:503303,
        title = {Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to human plasma low density lipoproteins. A requirement for lipids to maintain antigenic structure.},
        author = {J. G. Patton and M. C. Alley and S. J. Mao},
        journal = {J Immunol Methods},
        month = {December},
        number = 2,
        pages = {193--203},
        volume = 55,
        year = 1982,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=6186741},
        id = {503303},
	issn = {0022-1759},
	priority = {2},
	doi = {10.1016/0022-1759(82)90031-X },
	abstract = {Human plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) are composed of approximately 25% apoproteins and 75% lipids (w/w). Immunochemical properties of LDL were studied using monoclonal antibodies. BALB/c mice were immunized with LDL and the spleen cells from these mice were then fused with a non-immunoglobulin secreting myeloma cell line (F0). The clones producing desirable antibodies were selected to study the antigenic properties of LDL by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay. First, it was found that the maximal binding of 125I-labeled LDL to polyvinyl chloride microtiter dishes was not temperature dependent. The binding affinity was high with a Ka value of approximately 1.9 X 10(10) M-1 while the monoclonal antibodies possessed an affinity to LDL of 5 X 10(8) M-1 which was 2 orders less than the affinity of LDL to the dishes. The former binding, once established, was irreversible as judged by a subsequent incubation with an excess of unlabeled LDL. The latter binding could be displaced by unlabeled LDL. Therefore, the ELISA technique offered a satisfactory approach to study the interaction between LDL and monoclonal antibodies. Removal of lipids from bound LDL by organic extraction resulted in a 50% loss of immunoreactivity, suggesting that the lipids of LDL are important in maintaining the antigenic structure of LDL. Since the apoprotein of LDL also constitutes approximately 40% of the mass (w/w) of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), the immunoreactivity of VLDL assessed by LDL-monoclonal antibodies was also carried out. Removal of triglycerides from VLDL by lipoprotein lipase resulted in a substantial loss of immunoreactivity as determined by radioimmunoassay. These findings are consistent with the concept that lipids play a role in maintaining the integrity of the antigenic structure of LDL.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b428c6a267837619fbf59654e90a95b0/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl elisa antibody}
}

@article{citeulike:503575,
        title = {Detection of unique antigenic determinants on human plasma low density lipoprotein and on delipidated apolipoprotein B.},
        address = {Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, New York 13210},
        author = {T. S. Watt and R. M. Watt},
        journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
        month = {January},
        number = 1,
        pages = {124--128},
        volume = 80,
        year = 1983,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=6185956},
        id = {503575},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	priority = {2},
	abstract = {To obtain detailed information on the role played by apolipoprotein B (apo B) in determining the structural and functional properties of human plasma low density lipoprotein, we have initiated immunochemical studies of the polypeptide. We report here the establishment of six hybridoma lines that secrete monoclonal antibodies to low density lipoprotein. In addition to recognizing antigenic determinants on low density lipoprotein, all six monoclonal antibodies react with epitope(s) on very low density, but not high density, lipoproteins. The immunoreactivity of these antibodies with low density lipoprotein and with detergent-delipidated apo B was compared in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although all six of the antibodies reacted with the apoprotein when it was prepared in a nonionic detergent known to maintain the secondary structure of the protein, three of the six antibodies showed partial or total loss of activity with NaDodSO4- delipidated apo B. The specificity of these antibodies was tested by the ability of affinity-purified biotinylated antibodies to compete with unlabeled antibodies for antigenic sites on low density lipoprotein in a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed with avidin-peroxidase. This competition assay allowed us to divide the antibodies into a minimum of two groups (I and II) based on the antigenic determinants on apo B that they recognized. The epitope on apo B recognized by group II antibodies was perturbed in NaDodSO4, whereas the determinant(s) on the protein reactive with group I antibodies was unaffected.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/29f2d445962f603c0b7862e9d0ce3c56a/biblio24},
	keywords = {epitope ldl apob mapping}
}

@article{citeulike:505191,
        title = {The relationship between apolipoprotein B-100 and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after treatment with an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor.},
        address = {Center for Cardiovascular Research, Sinai Hospital of Detroit, Michigan 48235.},
        author = {S. S. Levinson and R. D. Blevins and M. P. Smith and M. Rubinfire and J. J. Maciejko},
        journal = {Am J Clin Pathol},
        month = {October},
        number = 4,
        pages = {479--483},
        volume = 92,
        year = 1989,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=2508466},
        id = {505191},
	issn = {0002-9173},
	priority = {2},
	abstract = {Measurement of apolipoproteins AI and B-100 has been shown to provide at least equivalent information to measurement of lipoprotein cholesterol levels for evaluating risk of cardiovascular disease. In the present study, the authors examined the relationship between APO B-100 and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in a hypercholesterolemic population that was treated with 16 weeks of hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitor therapy to lower plasma cholesterol levels. The average decrease in APO B-100 was -0.27 g/L (23% of baseline), which was similar to the decrease in LDL cholesterol, -1.6 mmol/L (-0.61 g/L) (30% of baseline). Correlation data (r = 0.902) indicated that the information provided by the two parameters corresponded in individual cases. Apolipoproteins assayed on automated equipment by kit methods are simpler, more straightforward, and provide more reproducible results than measurement of lipoprotein cholesterols. The authors conclude that, in addition to being more reliable for appraising risk of coronary artery disease, measurement of apolipoproteins may be equally useful for monitoring lipoprotein-lowering therapy.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ed1a2c035a7f3c553b9fd7103b8058ea/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl apob trial}
}

@article{citeulike:505196,
        title = {Evaluation of five methods for determining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in hemodialysis patients(1).},
        address = {Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 450 00, Ioannina, Greece. ebairakt@cc.uoi.gr},
        author = {E. Bairaktari and M. Elisaf and C. Tzallas and S. A. Karabina and A. D. Tselepis and K. C. Siamopoulos and O. Tsolas},
        journal = {Clin Biochem},
        month = {November},
        number = 8,
        pages = {593--602},
        volume = 34,
        year = 2001,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=11849617},
        id = {505196},
	issn = {0009-9120},
	priority = {2},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Current recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia are largely based on the concentration of LDL-C. Most clinical laboratories estimate the concentration of LDL-C by the recommended routine method, the equation of Friedewald, in specimens from fasting subjects and with TG concentrations < 4.52 mmol/L. Because of the limitations of the Friedewald calculation, direct methods for an accurate quantification of LDL-C are needed. DESIGN AND METHODS: In the present study we evaluated the accuracy of the following 5 different procedures for LDL-C in 98 patients on hemodialysis: the Friedewald equation, where LDL-C is calculated from HDL-C, measured either by the precipitation procedure with dextran sulfate-Mg(2+) (Method 1), or by a direct HDL-C assay (Method 2), the Direct LDL assay (Method 3), the homogeneous N-geneous LDL assay (Method 4) and the calculated LDL-C values deriving from the ApoB based equation: 0.41TC - 0.32TG + 1.70ApoB - 0.27, (Clin Chem 1997;43:808-815) (Method 5). RESULTS: All five LDL-C methods were found to be in good agreement with ultracentrifugation/dextran sulfate-Mg(2+) precipitation with the coefficients of correlation of the assays to ranging between 0.93-0.95. However, significant differences in the mean values and biases vs. the reference method were observed. The Friedewald equation and the Direct assay were less affected by high LDL-C levels, and they presented higher sensitivity and higher negative predictive value. The N-geneous assay and the ApoB derived calculation were less affected by high triglyceride levels, and they presented higher specificity and higher positive predictive value. At the diagnostic LDL-C level of 3.37 mmol/L, both Friedewald calculations correctly classified 82/92 patients; Direct assay 86/98; N-geneous assay 88/98; and ApoB derived calculation 88/98. At the diagnostic LDL-C level of 2.98 mmol/L, Friedewald calculations (Method 1 and Method 2) correctly classified 82/92 and 81/92 patients, respectively; Direct assay (LDL-3) 87/98; N-geneous assay (LDL-4) 91/98; and ApoB derived calculation (LDL-5) 91/98. CONCLUSIONS: Among hemodialysis patients, who commonly present "average" LDL-C concentrations and high TG levels, the N-geneous assay and the apoB derived calculation seem to yield more acceptable results for the estimation of LDL-C.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2239d9a37b71f06f2786df58e544c9817/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl apob trial cholesterol}
}

@article{citeulike:505199,
        title = {Calculation of LDL-cholesterol by using apolipoprotein B for classification of nonchylomicronemic dyslipemia.},
        address = {Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain.},
        author = {T. Planella and M. Cortés and C. Martínez-Brú and F. González-Sastre and J. Ordóñez-Llanos},
        journal = {Clin Chem},
        month = {May},
        number = 5,
        pages = {808--815},
        volume = 43,
        year = 1997,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=9166235},
        id = {505199},
	issn = {0009-9147},
	priority = {2},
	abstract = {In this paper we propose a calculation of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) not affected by hypertriglyceridemia by using lipid quantities directly measured in total serum. We also propose an algorithm for the classification of nonchylomicronemic dyslipemias. Plasma apolipoproteins (apo) A-I, B, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and cholesterol of lipoproteins were measured in a group of 38 normolipemic and 120 dyslipemic patients (42 phenotype IIa, 38 IIb, and 40 IV) classified according to TG and LDL-C values. Discriminant analysis was applied to obtain the best classification with the lowest number of quantities directly measured from total serum (TC, TG, and apo B), and multiple regression analysis was performed to find an equation to calculate LDL-C from these quantities. Apo B seems to be a useful discriminator between normolipemic and phenotype IIa patients, by using a cutoff value of 1.35 g/L obtained by ROC curve analysis. The proposed algorithm, based on lipid quantities measured by easily automated methods, is shown to be a good alternative for the classification of nonhyperchylomicronemic dyslipemia. LDL-C calculated from TC, TG, and apo B proved a better estimate of true LDL-C than the estimate obtained with Friedewald's formula.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/229efb070911456f8e1c1b21ec84b97af/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl apob trial cholesterol}
}

@article{citeulike:524890,
        title = {Immunoassay of plasma low-density lipoproteins.},
        author = {R. S. Lees},
        journal = {Science},
        month = {July},
        number = 944,
        pages = {493--495},
        volume = 169,
        year = 1970,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=5424796},
        id = {524890},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	priority = {2},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/210c2adf640822f107945eb7a06f90998/biblio24},
	keywords = {immunoassay ldl}
}

@article{citeulike:524928,
        title = {Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Concentration and Size as Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease in Women},
        author = {Gavin J. Blake and James D. Otvos and Nader Rifai and Paul M. Ridker},
        journal = {Circulation},
        month = {October},
        number = 15,
        pages = {1930--1937},
        volume = 106,
        year = 2002,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=12370215},
        id = {524928},
	priority = {2},
	doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.0000033222.75187.B9},
	abstract = {Background-- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) offers an alternative, spectroscopic means of quantifying LDL and of measuring LDL particle size.  Methods and Results-- We conducted a prospective nested case-control study among healthy middle-aged women to assess LDL particle size (NMR) and concentration (NMR) as risk factors for future myocardial infarction, stroke, or death of coronary heart disease. Median baseline levels of LDL particle concentration (NMR) were higher (1597 vs 1404 nmol/L; P= 0.0001) and LDL particle size (NMR) was lower (21.5 vs 21.8 nm; P=0.046) among women who subsequently had cardiovascular events (n=130) than among those who did not (n= 130). Of these 2 factors, LDL particle concentration (NMR) was the stronger predictor (relative risk for the highest compared with the lowest quartile=4.17, 95% CI 1.96-8.87). This compared with a relative risk of 3.11 (95% CI 1.55-6.26) for the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol and a relative risk of 5.91 (95% CI 2.65-13.15) for C-reactive protein. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for LDL particle concentration (NMR), total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio, and C-reactive protein were 0.64, 0.64, and 0.66, respectively. LDL particle concentration (NMR) correlated with several traditionally assessed lipid and nonlipid risk factors, and thus adjustment for these tended to attenuate the magnitude of association between LDL particle concentration (NMR) and risk.  Conclusions-- In this cohort, LDL particle concentration measured by NMR spectroscopy was a predictor of future cardiovascular risk. However, the magnitude of predictive value of LDL particle concentration (NMR) was not substantively different from that of the total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio and was less than that of C-reactive protein.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/23315124ba4fdece471285451a3ee8868/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl apob}
}

@article{citeulike:540383,
        title = {Comparison of the relationships between serum apolipoprotein B and serum lipid distributions.},
        address = {Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan, University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. bjjake.kim@samsung.com},
        author = {B. J. Kim and S. T. Hwang and K. C. Sung and B. S. Kim and J. H. Kang and M. H. Lee and J. R. Park},
        journal = {Clin Chem},
        month = {December},
        number = 12,
        pages = {2257--2263},
        volume = 51,
        year = 2005,
        url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.052738},
        id = {540383},
	issn = {0009-9147},
	priority = {2},
	doi = {10.1373/clinchem.2005.052738},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein B (apo B) has been reported to be a better predictor of coronary artery disease than cholesterol indices. The objectives of this study were to evaluate concordances/discordances between cholesterol indices and apo B and to assess the factors that influence them. METHODS: For this study, 11 816 individuals (6965 males, 4851 females), none of whom had a past history of coronary artery disease, were selected from among visitors to the health promotion center at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital between January and December 2002. We assessed concordances between the biochemical indices of atherogenicity and evaluated factors associated with discordances. RESULTS: Apo B and various cholesterol indices were correlated, although concordance fell within the range 47%-56%. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed an increasing risk of a disproportionately higher apo B than LDL-cholesterol in males, the elderly, smokers, individuals with metabolic syndrome, in those with high HDL-cholesterol or triglyceride (TG) concentrations or larger waist circumferences, and in those with low total cholesterol (TC). CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of apo B to standard lipid profile testing could improve the evaluation of risk factors of coronary artery disease and aid more accurate assessment of the effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy, particularly in males, the elderly, smokers, or in individuals with metabolic syndrome, high HDL-cholesterol, high TGs, larger waist circumferences, or low TC.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/292064c724a9cbadccf719b18d3886eb8/biblio24},
	keywords = {hdl ldl apob}
}

@article{citeulike:558749,
        title = {Determination of LDL cholesterol and LDL apolipoprotein B following precipitation of VLDL in blood serum with phosphotungstic acid/MgCl2.},
        author = {H. Schriewer and U. Kohnert and G. Assmann},
        journal = {J Clin Chem Clin Biochem},
        month = {January},
        number = 1,
        pages = {35--40},
        volume = 22,
        year = 1984,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=6699550},
        id = {558749},
	issn = {0340-076X},
	priority = {2},
	abstract = {A method is described for the selective precipitation of VLDL in blood serum using phosphotungstic acid/MgCl2. The method allows for the calculation of LDL apolipoprotein B as well as for the calculation of LDL cholesterol (following the additional determination of HDL cholesterol). Dependent on the triglyceride and the cholesterol content of the serum, three different procedures were developed using phosphotungstic acid and MgCl2 in different concentrations in the precipitation assay. Within the tested range of 3-10 mmol/l total cholesterol and 1-4 mmol/l triglyceride in blood serum the VLDL were nearly completely precipitated with negligible coprecipitation of LDL and HDL, but 40-50% coprecipitation of Lp(a). Regression analysis of the cholesterol values obtained by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid/MgCl2 (= serum cholesterol - LDL cholesterol), and the cholesterol values obtained by ultracentrifugation (d greater than 1.006 kg/l) revealed a good measure of agreement (r = 0.97, y = 0.93 X + 0.35, n = 76). An equally good measure of agreement was found for the corresponding apolipoprotein B values (r = 0.96, y = 1.03 X - 0.2, n = 61). In the determination of LDL cholesterol a variation coefficient of 4.3% (n = 20) was found in relation to the precision in the series, and a variation coefficient of 4.8% (n = 25) in relation to day to day precision.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/28d05259263765cbb747de0ff6c3d6124/biblio24},
	keywords = {hdl ldl surfactant apob vldl idl}
}

@article{citeulike:561015,
        title = {Estimation of LDL cholesterol based on the Friedewald formula and on apo B levels.},
        address = {Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. ebairakt@cc.uoi.gr},
        author = {E. Bairaktari and K. Hatzidimou and C. Tzallas and M. Vini and A. Katsaraki and A. Tselepis and M. Elisaf and O. Tsolas},
        journal = {Clin Biochem},
        month = {October},
        number = 7,
        pages = {549--555},
        volume = 33,
        year = 2000,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=11124340},
        id = {561015},
	issn = {0009-9120},
	priority = {2},
	doi = {10.1016/S0009-9120(00)00162-4 },
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The plasma apolipoprotein B (apo B) concentrations have been considered to be a more accurate representation of atherogenic particles and it has been proposed that the formula LDL-C (mmol/L) = 0.41TC - 0.32TG + 1.70apo B - 0.27 is reliable for the estimation of LDL-C (Clin Chem 1997; 43: 808-15). We undertook the present study to investigate the reliability of this formula in a large number of hyperlipidemic patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: 1) The Friedewald formula (LDL-F) and the apo B-based formula (LDL-B) were compared with the beta-quantification reference procedure in 130 individuals with a wide range of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels, and 2) the LDL-C levels obtained by the Friedewald formula were compared with those calculated by the apo B-based formula in 1010 individuals attending our outpatient lipid clinic. RESULTS: The LDL-F and the LDL-B formulae for LDL-C estimation were found to be in good agreement with the beta-quantification (r = 0.96 and 0.97, respectively). The bias of each method plotted as a function of TG (up to 4.52 mmol/L) was found positive for the LDL-F, whereas the LDL-B was independent of the concentrations of TG. When a large number of individuals were examined, a good correlation between the two equations was found (n = 1010, r = 0.98). The difference between the two methods was not correlated with serum TG levels. However, it was correlated to serum TC, and apo B levels. CONCLUSIONS: The LDL-B formula is a more reliable and accurate method than the LDL-F formula, especially at TG levels >2.26 mmol/L, although it underestimates LDL-C concentrations. Furthermore, this equation can be used in hypertriglyceridemic patients (TG >4.52 mmol/L) in whom the Friedewald equation is inaccurate.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2278bda9910240e5c915b011061ada699/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl apob cholesterol}
}

@article{citeulike:561016,
        title = {Evaluation of alternative calculation methods for determining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hemodialysis patients.},
        address = {Laboratory of Biochemistry, University Hospital, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece. ebairakt@cc.uoi.gr},
        author = {E. T. Bairaktari and C. Tzallas and M. Kalientzidou and A. D. Tselepis and K. C. Siamopoulos and K. I. Seferiadis and M. S. Elisaf},
        journal = {Clin Biochem},
        month = {October},
        number = 10,
        pages = {937--940},
        volume = 37,
        year = 2004,
        url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.018},
        id = {561016},
	issn = {0009-9120},
	priority = {2},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.018},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To evaluate alternative equations for the estimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) than the Friedewald equation in hemodialysis patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: The equations LDL-C = 0.41TC - 0.14TG + 0.66ApoB - 10.43 and LDL-C = 0.94TC - 0.94HDL-C - 0.19TG were evaluated in 86 patients and compared with the Friedewald equation and the ultracentrifugation procedure. RESULTS: The alternative equations yield significantly lower bias than the Friedewald equation and are less affected by increased triglycerides (TG) levels. CONCLUSION: The alternative equations for LDL-C yield slightly better results than the Friedewald equation especially in hypertriglyceridemia.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2c9db3168870c947148d251a5abdf42d7/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl apob cholesterol}
}

@article{citeulike:561062,
        title = {Contents of apolipoprotein A-I, A-II and B of the human serum fractions for high-density and low-density lipoproteins prepared by common precipitation methods.},
        address = {Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, Finland.},
        author = {S. Väisänen and J. Gävert and A. Julkunen and E. Voutilainen and I. Penttilä},
        journal = {Scand J Clin Lab Invest},
        month = {December},
        number = 8,
        pages = {853--862},
        volume = 52,
        year = 1992,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=1488623},
        id = {561062},
	issn = {0036-5513},
	priority = {2},
	abstract = {Two common precipitation methods for the determination of HDL-cholesterol in human serum were used, dextran sulphate/MgCl2 and phosphowolframate/MgCl2. They yield supernatants which contained almost all of the apoA-I and apoA-II lipoproteins but no lipoprotein apoB. The correlations between chol-HDL and apoA-I were about the same with these methods (r = 0.79 and 0.80). The correlation between the precipitation methods and ultracentrifugal analysis for chol-HDL was highly significant (r = > 0.95). Correspondingly, two common precipitation methods for the determination of LDL-cholesterol in human serum, buffered heparin, and polyvinyl sulphate procedures, produced sediments, which contained the major proportion of the apoB and only small amounts of apoA-I and apoA-II. However, yields of only 69.0-80.2% were obtained for apoB from the sediments and of 85.8-89.4% from supernatants calculated as the difference from chylomicron free serum. This difference might be due to alterations of the molecular structure of apoB by the precipitation reagents. Comparison of the results with the precipitation methods to those using the Friedewald formula showed excellent agreements (r = > 0.91). Very comparable results were also obtained in the case of marked hypertriglyceridaemia provided that the serum samples were briefly centrifuged before analysis of chol, chol-HDL, and triglyceride values for the formula of chol-LDL. The precipitation methods for chol-LDL showed very good agreement with the values obtained by ultracentrifugal analysis (r = > 0.93). There were no remarkable differences in the correlation of apoB and chol-LDL values measured by different methods (r = 0.85). According to the present results it was found that highly significant correlations existed between chol/chol-HDL or chol-LDL/chol-HDL and apoB/apoA-I ratios (p < 0.001). It is quite evident that apoB and apoA-I values could be used to replace chol-LDL and chol-HDL values when the risk for the cardiovascular diseases is to be assessed.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2fc6fcf623775d5ded885eb0302aa3351/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl apob cholesterol}
}

@article{citeulike:561064,
        title = {Comparison of methods for measurement of apolipoprotein B and cholesterol in low-density lipoproteins.},
        address = {Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.},
        author = {L. Vrga and C. Contacos and S. C. Li and D. R. Sullivan},
        journal = {Clin Chem},
        month = {February},
        number = 2,
        pages = {390--393},
        volume = 43,
        year = 1997,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=9023145},
        id = {561064},
	issn = {0009-9147},
	priority = {2},
	abstract = {We describe a new method for the direct measurement of LDL-apolipoprotein (apo) B by using a commercial kit that isolates LDL by immunoseparation. We evaluated immunoseparation of LDL for apo B and cholesterol measurement in 46 dyslipidemic patients with LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) between 1.5 and 8.2 mmol/L, 11 of whom had plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations >4.0 mmol/L. There was a reasonable correlation (r = 0.94, n = 40) between LDL-apo B obtained after immunoseparation and d >1.006 kg/L apo B obtained after ultracentrifugation. LDL-C by the immunoseparation method also correlated well (r = 0.98, n = 46) with the d >1.006 kg/L cholesterol after ultracentrifugation. These results show that immunoseparation can be used to determine LDL-apo B, even in hypertriglyceridemic samples. This method may provide a quick and simple alternative for the identification of hyperapobetalipoproteinemia, even when TG concentrations are high.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/26070d1d106d2daf789f2cd667b27bfe4/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl apob cholesterol}
}

@article{citeulike:590250,
        title = {Monoclonal antibodies to human plasma low-density lipoproteins. I. Enhanced binding of 125I-labeled low-density lipoproteins by combined use of two monoclonal antibodies.},
        author = {S. J. Mao and J. G. Patton and J. J. Badimon and B. A. Kottke and M. C. Alley and A. D. Cardin},
        journal = {Clin Chem},
        month = {November},
        number = 11,
        pages = {1890--1897},
        volume = 29,
        year = 1983,
        url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=pubmed\&dopt=Abstract\&list_uids=6627627},
        id = {590250},
	issn = {0009-9147},
	priority = {2},
	abstract = {Four monoclonal antibodies (IgG2b) to human plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have been characterized. The binding affinities of each monoclonal antibody to 125I-labeled LDL were moderately high, ranging from 10(8) to 10(10) L/mol at 4 degrees C, but were reduced by at least 50-70% at 37 degrees C. The maximum binding of each monoclonal antibody was unique, ranging from 20 to 95% of total 125I-labeled LDL, suggesting that LDL particles were immunochemically heterogeneous. One antibody, LP-34, had both high and low binding affinities to LDL. Another, LP-47, exhibited high affinity for isolated LDL, yet reacted poorly with native LDL in plasma, indicating that the conformation of isolated LDL differs from that of native LDL in plasma. Unlike polyclonal serum antibodies, a mixture of four monoclonal antibodies failed to precipitate LDL, but did show a drastic increase in binding to LDL. We found that only two of our monoclonal antibodies were necessary for such synergistic enhancement. We propose that one of the monoclonal antibodies may serve as a catalytic reagent, and discuss the clinical significance of this finding.},
	biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/283d9d1e8806f1817050e9eb759612ae8/biblio24},
	keywords = {ldl antibody}
}