@article{Klein2007, title = {Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops}, author = {Alexandra-Maria Klein and Bernard E. Vaissière and James H. Cane and Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter and Saul A. Cunningham and Claire Kremen and Teja Tscharntke}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, month = {February}, number = 1608, pages = {303--313}, volume = 274, year = 2007, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721}, timestamp = {2008.02.27}, file = {Klein2007.pdf:Klein2007.pdf:PDF}, owner = {kej}, numlit = {00235}, abstract = {The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b2da2940c466e944c6e35689d9b20857/bioenergyworkshop}, keywords = {pollen pollinator Nadrowski_K economy crops landscape insects ecosystem_service} } @article{kremen2007mobile, title = {Pollination and other ecosystem services produced by mobile organisms: a conceptual framework for the effects of land-use change.}, author = {Claire Kremen and Neal M Williams and Marcelo A Aizen and Barbara Gemmill-Herren and Gretchen LeBuhn and Robert Minckley and Laurence Packer and Simon G Potts and T'ai Roulston and Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter and Diego P Vázquez and Rachael Winfree and Laurie Adams and Elizabeth E Crone and Sarah S Greenleaf and Timothy H Keitt and Alexandra-Maria Klein and James Regetz and Taylor H Ricketts}, journal = {Ecol Lett}, month = {Apr}, number = 4, pages = {299--314}, volume = 10, year = 2007, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01018.x}, timestamp = {2007.10.05}, pii = {ELE1018}, pmid = {17355569}, file = {kremen2007mobile.pdf:kremen2007mobile.pdf:PDF}, owner = {Administrator}, numlit = {00163}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01018.x}, abstract = {Many ecosystem services are delivered by organisms that depend on habitats that are segregated spatially or temporally from the location where services are provided. Management of mobile organisms contributing to ecosystem services requires consideration not only of the local scale where services are delivered, but also the distribution of resources at the landscape scale, and the foraging ranges and dispersal movements of the mobile agents. We develop a conceptual model for exploring how one such mobile-agent-based ecosystem service (MABES), pollination, is affected by land-use change, and then generalize the model to other MABES. The model includes interactions and feedbacks among policies affecting land use, market forces and the biology of the organisms involved. Animal-mediated pollination contributes to the production of goods of value to humans such as crops; it also bolsters reproduction of wild plants on which other services or service-providing organisms depend. About one-third of crop production depends on animal pollinators, while 60-90\% of plant species require an animal pollinator. The sensitivity of mobile organisms to ecological factors that operate across spatial scales makes the services provided by a given community of mobile agents highly contextual. Services vary, depending on the spatial and temporal distribution of resources surrounding the site, and on biotic interactions occurring locally, such as competition among pollinators for resources, and among plants for pollinators. The value of the resulting goods or services may feed back via market-based forces to influence land-use policies, which in turn influence land management practices that alter local habitat conditions and landscape structure. Developing conceptual models for MABES aids in identifying knowledge gaps, determining research priorities, and targeting interventions that can be applied in an adaptive management context.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2c36e9505191c24e3549f5bc0c14dc8d2/bioenergyworkshop}, keywords = {resources biological_conservation animals ecosystem plants reproduction agricultural models bees pollen Nadrowski_K crops policy public natural_physiology} }