@article{ISI:000252803600007,
  abstract = {Piriformospora indica is a fungus of the order Sebacinales
(Basidiomycota) infesting roots of mono- and dicotyledonous plants.
Endophytic fungal colonization leads to enhanced plant growth while
host cell. death is required for proliferation in differentiated root
tissue to form a mutualistic interaction. Colonization of barley roots
by P. indica and related Sebacina vermifera strains also leads to
systemic resistance against the leaf pathogenic fungus Blumerio
graminis f.sp. hordei due to a yet unknown mechanism of induced
resistance. In order to elucidate plant response pathways governed by
these root endophytes, we analyzed gene expression in barley plants
exhibiting an established symbiosis with P. indica 3 weeks after
inoculation. P. indica-cotonized roots showed no induction of
defence-related genes, white other genes showed a differential
regulation pattern indicating a faster P. indica-dependent root
development. Gene expression analysis of leaves detected only few
systemically induced mRNAs. Among differentially regulated transcripts,
we characterized the pathogenesis-related gene HvPr17b and the
molecular chaperone HvHsp70 in more detail. HvPr17b shows similarity
with TaWC15, a wheat gene inducible by chemical resistance inducers and
salicylate, and was previously proven to exhibit antifungal activity
against B. graminis. HvHsp70 is the first gene found to systemically
indicate root colonization with endophytic fungi of the order
Sebocinales. Both genes are discussed as markers for endophytic
colonization and resulting systemic responses. (C) 2007 Elsevier GmbH.
All rights reserved.},
  added-at = {2008-07-25T10:21:37.000+0200},
  author = {Waller, Frank and Mukherjee, Krishnendu and Deshmukh, Sachin D. and Achatz, Beate and Sharma, Monica and Schaefer, Patrick and Kogel, Karl-Heinz},
  biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21b9b0a6020f1a708b22075bbf3726d4a/ipazphyto},
  interhash = {5f6766d21e075804964985b8c5c53141},
  intrahash = {1b9b0a6020f1a708b22075bbf3726d4a},
  issn = {0176-1617},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY},
  keywords = {IFZ compatibility endophyte induced_resistance mutualism powdery_mildew root},
  number = 1,
  pages = {60-70},
  timestamp = {2008-07-25T10:21:37.000+0200},
  title = {Systemic and local modulation of plant responses by Piriformospora indica and related Sebacinales species},
  volume = 165,
  year = 2008
}

@article{ISI:000252803600001,
  added-at = {2008-05-14T10:24:29.000+0200},
  author = {Kogel, Karl-Heinz},
  biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2cd55e64421d91ab674ae3f600efd1790/ipazphyto},
  interhash = {4e7ef59ec9f05a1239c7db6a5eafa63a},
  intrahash = {cd55e64421d91ab674ae3f600efd1790},
  issn = {0176-1617},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY},
  keywords = {IFZ imported},
  number = 1,
  pages = {1-4},
  timestamp = {2008-05-14T10:24:29.000+0200},
  title = {Compatible host-microbe interactions: Mechanistic studies enabling future agronomical solutions},
  volume = 165,
  year = 2008
}

@article{ISI:000255061500018,
  abstract = {Vascular tissue was recently shown to be capable of producing nitric
oxide (NO), but the production sites and sources were not precisely
determined. Here, NO synthesis was analysed in the phloem of Vicia faba
in response to stress- and pathogen defence-related compounds.
The chemical stimuli were added to shallow paradermal cortical cuts in
the main veins of leaves attached to intact plants. NO production in
the bare-lying phloem area was visualized by real-time confocal laser
scanning microscopy using the NO-specific fluorochrome
4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2 DA).
Abundant NO generation in companion cells was induced by 500 mu M
salicylic acid (SA) and 10 mu M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but the
fungal elicitor chitooctaose was much less effective. Phloem NO
production was found to be dependent on Ca2+ and mitochondrial electron
transport and pharmacological approaches found evidence for activity of
a plant NO synthase but not a nitrate reductase. DAF fluorescence
increased most strongly in companion cells and was occasionally
observed in phloem parenchyma cells. Significantly, accumulation of NO
in sieve elements could be demonstrated.
These findings suggest that the phloem perceives and produces
stress-related signals and that one mechanism of distal signalling
involves the production and transport of NO in the phloem.},
  added-at = {2008-05-14T10:24:29.000+0200},
  author = {Gaupels, Frank and Furch, Alexandra C. U. and Will, Torsten and Mur, Luis A. J. and Kogel, Karl-Heinz and van Bel, Aart J. E.},
  biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b65330da8bf5aeeeba65652c030bf073/ipazphyto},
  interhash = {8961d8b75f222cac1f7e39945c80d0f0},
  intrahash = {b65330da8bf5aeeeba65652c030bf073},
  issn = {0028-646X},
  journal = {NEW PHYTOLOGIST},
  keywords = {IFZ hydrogen_peroxide_(H2O2) nitric_oxide_(NO) nitric_oxide_synthase pathogen_resistance phloem salicylic_acid stress systemic_signalling},
  number = 3,
  pages = {634-646},
  timestamp = {2008-05-14T10:24:29.000+0200},
  title = {Nitric oxide generation in Vicia faba phloem cells reveals them to be sensitive detectors as well as possible systemic transducers of stress signals},
  volume = 178,
  year = 2008
}

@article{ISI:000252803600006,
  abstract = {Using ion-selective microprobes, interactive signalling between barley
and Blumeria graminis or Bipolaris sorokiniana has been investigated.
The question was raised whether a biotrophically growing fungus
manipulates the electrical driving forces (membrane potential.,
transmembrane pH), required for H+ cotransport of energy-rich
compounds. Electrodes were positioned in the substomatal cavity of open
stomata or on the leaf surface, and pH was measured continuously up to
several days during fungal development. We demonstrate that surface and
apoplastic fluids are electrically coupled and respond in a similar
manner to stimuli. Apoplastic pH, monitored from the moment of
inoculation with conidia, reveals several phases: 2-4 h after
inoculation of the barley leaf with either fungus, the host displays
rapid transient responses after its first contact with the fungal cell
wall; apoplastic pH and pCa increases, cytoplasmic pH and pCa
decreases. About 1 day after inoculation, the apoplastic pH increases
by up to 2 pH units, which is thought to reflect a resistance response
against the intruder. Whereas barley leaf cells possess a membrane
potential of -152 +/- 5 mV, hyphae of B. graminis yield -251 +/- 8 mV,
indicative of a substantial driving force advantage for the fungus.
Although the resting membrane potential of barley remains constant
during the first days after inoculation, leaves infected with B.
sorokiniona get confronted with an energy problem, indicated by a
retarded repolarization following a ��light-off" stimulus. Five days},
  added-at = {2008-05-14T10:24:29.000+0200},
  author = {Felle, Hubert H. and Herrmann, Almut and Schaefer, Patrick and Hueckelhoven, Ralph and Kogel, Karl-Heinz},
  biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/20f83480e26828e1c62126220c907388d/ipazphyto},
  interhash = {9e8dbe4b9179b4b3dcd092843ba90471},
  intrahash = {0f83480e26828e1c62126220c907388d},
  issn = {0176-1617},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY},
  keywords = {IFZ apoplastic_pH barley compatibility resistance surface_pH},
  number = 1,
  pages = {52-59},
  timestamp = {2008-05-14T10:24:29.000+0200},
  title = {Interactive signal transfer between host and pathogen during successful infection of barley leaves by Blumeria graminis and Bipolaris sorokiniana},
  volume = 165,
  year = 2008
}

@article{ISI:000249428700001,
  abstract = {The root systems of most terrestrial plants are confronted with a huge
variety of invasive microorganisms that either can cause detrimental
effects or in case of mutualistic symbiosis provide benefits for the
host. In either case, establishment of the parasitic or mutualistic
interaction is the result of a highly sophisticated cross-talk between
the partners. Despite the ecological importance of mutualistic
symbioses, the molecular events accompanied by this phenomenon are far
from being understood. Piriformospora indica represents a recently
discovered fungus that transfers considerable beneficial impact to its
host plants. In this review, the current knowledge on this novel
symbiosis is summarized by focusing on its biological effects in hosts
and the role of programmed cell death in the establishment of the
mutualistic interaction.},
  added-at = {2008-05-14T10:24:29.000+0200},
  author = {Schaefer, Patrick and Khatabi, Behnam and Kogel, Karl-Heinz},
  biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/29ccfb4de3003744a14daf5cb92d97211/ipazphyto},
  interhash = {a09d5edfb40b1ef02e9b036368d9fe1c},
  intrahash = {9ccfb4de3003744a14daf5cb92d97211},
  issn = {0378-1097},
  journal = {FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS},
  keywords = {IFZ Sebacinales arbuscular_mycorrhizal fungi growth_promotion mutualism programmed_cell_death resistance_induction},
  number = 1,
  pages = {1-7},
  timestamp = {2008-05-14T10:24:29.000+0200},
  title = {Root cell death and systemic effects of Piriformospora indica: a study on mutualism},
  volume = 275,
  year = 2007
}

@article{ISI:000253064700004,
  abstract = {The beneficial endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica colonizes barley
(Hordeum vulgare L.) roots, which results in protection against
diseases and abiotic stress and eventually in higher yield. Infection
of the roots with pathogenic necrotrophic fungi of the genus Fusarium,
in contrast, leads to necrotized roots and severe reduction of root and
shoot biomass. Upon infestation with P. indica, roots were protected
from Fusarium infections as evidenced by reduced root rot symptoms.
Consistently, Fusarium quantification using quantitative polymerase
chain reaction (Q-PCR) revealed a correlation between reduced root rot
symptoms and the relative amount of fungal DNA. In vitro analysis of
the interaction of P. indica and F. graminearum under axenic culture
conditions did not reveal reciprocal growth inhibition suggesting that
retardation of Fusarium in roots is mediated by a plant response rather
than by antibiosis. Expression of pathogenesis-related genes strongly
increased in response to F. graminearum infections, but in contrast was
diminished in the presence of P. indica, indicating that PR proteins do
not play a crucial role in the P. indica-mediated resistance response
to Fusarium.},
  added-at = {2008-05-14T10:24:29.000+0200},
  author = {Deshmukh, S. D. and Kogel, K-H},
  biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/216dfbd3f3c6fbe33dcb6155d7cba673a/ipazphyto},
  interhash = {ea4a63086c84c97fcf671e5d5f5428dd},
  intrahash = {16dfbd3f3c6fbe33dcb6155d7cba673a},
  issn = {1861-3829},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF PLANT DISEASES AND PROTECTION},
  keywords = {IFZ PR_genes Q-PCR_quantification bio-control pathogen root_endophyte},
  number = 6,
  pages = {263-268},
  timestamp = {2008-05-14T10:24:29.000+0200},
  title = {Piriformospora indica protects barley from root rot caused by Fusarium graminearum},
  volume = 114,
  year = 2007
}