@article{Xu2001, title = {Conjoint and extended neural networks for the computation of speech codes: the neural basis of selective impairment in reading words and pseudowords.}, author = {B. Xu and J. Grafman and W. D. Gaillard and K. Ishii and F. Vega-Bermudez and P. Pietrini and P. Reeves-Tyer and P. DiCamillo and W. Theodore}, journal = {Cerebral Cortex}, pages = {267--277}, volume = 11, year = 2001, pmid = {11230098}, abstract = {The computation of speech codes (i.e. phonology) is an important aspect of word reading. Understanding the neural systems and mech- anisms underlying phonological processes provides a foundation for the investigation of language in the brain. We used high-resolution three-dimensional positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate neural systems essential for phonological processes. The burden of neural activities on the computation of speech codes was maximized by three rhyming tasks (rhyming words, pseudowords and words printed in mixed letter cases). Brain activation patterns associated with these tasks were compared with those of two baseline tasks involving visual feature detection. Results suggest strong left lateralized epicenters of neural activity in rhyming irrespective of gender. Word rhyming activated the same brain regions engaged in pseudoword rhyming, suggesting conjoint neural networks for phonological processing of words and pseudowords. However, pseudoword rhyming induced the largest change in cerebral blood flow and activated more voxels in the left posterior prefrontal regions and the left inferior occipital-temporal junction. In addition, pseudoword rhyming activated the left supramarginal gyrus, which was not apparent in word rhyming. These results suggest that rhyming pseudowords requires active participation of extended neural systems and networks not observed for rhyming words. The implications of the results on theories and models of visual word reading and on selective reading dysfunctions after brain lesions are discussed.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2138a73ed0d25e0e92411b9889cf0cee7/perceptron}, keywords = {Prefrontal Male; Temporal Adult; Gov't, of Humans; Phonetics; Cortex; Research Photic Mapping; Emission-Computed Cerebellum; Stimulation; Support, Brain Net; Occipital Reaction Tomography, Variance; Reading; U.S. Analysis P.H.S.; Nerve Lobe; Time; Female;} } @article{Vigneau2005, title = {Word and non-word reading: what role for the Visual Word Form Area?}, author = {M. Vigneau and G. Jobard and B. Mazoyer and N. Tzourio-Mazoyer}, journal = {Neuroimage}, pages = {694--705}, volume = 27, year = 2005, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.038}, pii = {S1053-8119(05)00282-X}, pmid = {15961322}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.038}, abstract = {The putative role of the so-called Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) during reading remains under debate. For some authors, this region is specifically involved in a pre-lexical processing of words and pseudowords, whereas such specificity is challenged by others given the VWFA involvement during both non-word reading and word listening. Here, we further investigated this issue, measuring BOLD variations and their lateralization with fMRI during word and non-word reading, in order to evaluate the lexicality effect, and during reading and listening of words, in order to evaluate the impact of stimulus delivery modality on word processing networks. Region of interest (ROI) analysis was first performed in three target areas: 1-VWFA as defined by a meta-analysis of the word reading literature, 2-a middle temporal area (T2) found co-activated by both word reading and listening, 3-an inferior occipital area (OI) belonging to the unimodal visual cortex of the inferior occipital gyrus. VWFA activity was found not different between word and non-word reading but was more leftward lateralized during word reading due to a reduction of activity in the VWFA right counterpart. A similar larger leftward lateralization during word reading was also uncovered in the T2 ROI but was related to a larger left side activity. Such a lexicality effect was not observed in the OI ROI. By contrast, BOLD increases during listening were restricted to the left VWFA and T2 ROIs. Voxel-based analysis (SPM99) showed that semantic areas were more active during word than non-word reading and co-activated by both reading and listening, exhibiting a left lateralized activity in all tasks. These results indicate that the left VWFA would be the place where visual and verbal representations bind under the control of left semantic areas.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22678a4f9bbcf8d1dc72ec52b3a7aac58/perceptron}, keywords = {Non-U.S. Male; Oxygen; Adult; Laterality; Speech; Magnetic Humans; Auditory Image Fixation, Imaging; Research Computer-Assisted; Processing, Mapping; Adolescent; Support, Brain Net; Reading; Gov't; Resonance Perception Ocular; Nerve Visual Female; Perception;} } @article{Vigneau2006, title = {Meta-analyzing left hemisphere language areas: phonology, semantics, and sentence processing.}, author = {M. Vigneau and V. Beaucousin and P. Y. Herv� and H. Duffau and F. Crivello and O. Houd� and B. Mazoyer and N. Tzourio-Mazoyer}, journal = {Neuroimage}, pages = {1414--1432}, volume = 30, year = 2006, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.002}, pii = {S1053-8119(05)02451-1}, pmid = {16413796}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.002}, abstract = {The advent of functional neuroimaging has allowed tremendous advances in our understanding of brain-language relationships, in addition to generating substantial empirical data on this subject in the form of thousands of activation peak coordinates reported in a decade of language studies. We performed a large-scale meta-analysis of this literature, aimed at defining the composition of the phonological, semantic, and sentence processing networks in the frontal, temporal, and inferior parietal regions of the left cerebral hemisphere. For each of these language components, activation peaks issued from relevant component-specific contrasts were submitted to a spatial clustering algorithm, which gathered activation peaks on the basis of their relative distance in the MNI space. From a sample of 730 activation peaks extracted from 129 scientific reports selected among 260, we isolated 30 activation clusters, defining the functional fields constituting three distributed networks of frontal and temporal areas and revealing the functional organization of the left hemisphere for language. The functional role of each activation cluster is discussed based on the nature of the tasks in which it was involved. This meta-analysis sheds light on several contemporary issues, notably on the fine-scale functional architecture of the inferior frontal gyrus for phonological and semantic processing, the evidence for an elementary audio-motor loop involved in both comprehension and production of syllables including the primary auditory areas and the motor mouth area, evidence of areas of overlap between phonological and semantic processing, in particular at the location of the selective human voice area that was the seat of partial overlap of the three language components, the evidence of a cortical area in the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus dedicated to syntactic processing and in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus a region selectively activated by sentence and text processing, and the hypothesis that different working memory perception-actions loops are identifiable for the different language components. These results argue for large-scale architecture networks rather than modular organization of language in the left hemisphere.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/299a39533d95634a72ba354e18a9ceba4/perceptron}, keywords = {Analysis; Cerebral Cluster Magnetic Language; Humans; Image Phonetics; Phonation; Semantics; Imaging; Cortex; Imaging, Computer-Assisted; Processing, Mapping; Brain Net; Short-Term; Three-Dimensional; Cerebral; Reading; Dominance, Perception Resonance Memory, Nerve Speech} } @article{Vandenberghe1996a, title = {Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures.}, author = {R. Vandenberghe and C. Price and R. Wise and O. Josephs and R. S. Frackowiak}, journal = {Nature}, pages = {254--256}, volume = 383, year = 1996, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/383254a0}, pmid = {8805700}, doi = {10.1038/383254a0}, abstract = {The relationship between the semantic processing of words and of pictures is a matter of debate among cognitive scientists. We studied the functional anatomy of such processing by using positron-emission tomography (PET). We contrasted activity during two semantic tasks (probing knowledge of associations between concepts, and knowledge of the visual attributes of these concepts) and a baseline task (discrimination of physical stimulus size), performed either with words or with pictures. Modality-specific activations unrelated to semantic processing occurred in the left inferior parietal lobule for words, and the right middle occipital gyrus for pictures. A semantic network common to both words and pictures extended from the left superior occipital gyrus through the middle and inferior temporal cortex to the inferior frontal gyrus. A picture-specific activation related to semantic tasks occurred in the left posterior inferior temporal sulcus, and word-specific activations related to semantic tasks were localized to the left superior temporal sulcus, left anterior middle temporal gyrus, and left inferior frontal sulcus. Thus semantic tasks activate a distributed semantic processing system shared by both words and pictures, with a few specific areas differentially active for either words or pictures.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e8aa5bab0a08a0e2499547974e24d201/perceptron}, keywords = {Agnosia; Mapping; Middle Aged; Brain Male; Adult; Occipital Tomography, Parietal Perception Auditory Humans; Emission-Computed; Semantics; Brain; Speech Lobe; Visual Perception;} } @article{Tarr2000, title = {FFA: a flexible fusiform area for subordinate-level visual processing automatized by expertise.}, author = {M. J. Tarr and I. Gauthier}, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, number = 8, pages = {764--769}, volume = 3, year = 2000, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/77666}, pmid = {10903568}, doi = {10.1038/77666}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b61c3d06326dbb69ee41531f5bc29b0a/perceptron}, keywords = {Mapping; Support, Brain Face; Gov't, Magnetic U.S. Learning; Form Resonance Visual; Brain; Pattern Recognition, Research Imaging; Non-P.H.S. Perception;} } @article{Tagamets2000, title = {A parametric approach to orthographic processing in the brain: an fMRI study.}, author = {M. A. Tagamets and J. M. Novick and M. L. Chalmers and R. B. Friedman}, journal = {J Cogn Neurosci}, pages = {281--297}, volume = 12, year = 2000, pmid = {10771412}, abstract = {Brain activation studies of orthographic stimuli typically start with the premise that different types of orthographic strings (e.g., words, pseudowords) differ from each other in discrete ways, which should be reflected in separate and distinct areas of brain activation. The present study starts from a different premise: Words, pseudowords, letterstrings, and false fonts vary systematically across a continuous dimension of familiarity to English readers. Using a one-back matching task to force encoding of the stimuli, the four types of stimuli were visually presented to healthy adult subjects while fMRI activations were obtained. Data analysis focused on parametric comparisons of fMRI activation sites. We did not find any region that was exclusively activated for real words. Rather, differences among these string types were mainly expressed as graded changes in the balance of activations among the regions. Our results suggest that there is a widespread network of brain regions that form a common network for the processing of all orthographic string types.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22a95d9bb5786fcbcc71196e6f4490a78/perceptron}, keywords = {Statistical; Aged; Non-U.S. Temporal Male; Adult; Gov't, Magnetic Parietal Language; Humans; Brain; Imaging; Research Mapping; Middle Support, Brain Non-P.H.S.; Pathways; Reading; Gov't; U.S. Models, Writing Resonance P.H.S.; Lobe; Visual Female;} } @article{Spiridon2006, title = {Location and spatial profile of category-specific regions in human extrastriate cortex.}, author = {Mona Spiridon and Bruce Fischl and Nancy Kanwisher}, journal = {Human Brain Mapping}, pages = {77--89}, volume = 27, year = 2006, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20169}, pmid = {15966002}, doi = {10.1002/hbm.20169}, abstract = {Subjects were scanned in a single functional MRI (fMRI) experiment that enabled us to localize cortical regions in each subject in the occipital and temporal lobes that responded significantly in a variety of contrasts: faces>objects, body parts>objects, scenes>objects, objects>scrambled objects, and moving>stationary stimuli. The resulting activation maps were co-registered across subjects using spherical surface coordinates [Fischl et al., Hum Brain Mapp 1999;8:272-284] to produce a "percentage overlap map" indicating the percentage of subjects who showed a significant response for each contrast at each point on the surface. Prominent among the overlapping activations in these contrasts were the fusiform face area (FFA), extrastriate body area (EBA), parahippocampal place area (PPA), lateral occipital complex (LOC), and MT+/V5; only a few other areas responded consistently across subjects in these contrasts. Another analysis showed that the spatial profile of the selective response drops off quite sharply outside the standard borders of the FFA and PPA (less so for the EBA and MT+/V5), indicating that these regions are not simply peaks of very broad selectivities spanning centimeters of cortex, but fairly discrete regions of cortex with distinctive functional profiles. The data also yielded a surprise that challenges our understanding of the function of area MT+: a higher response to body parts than to objects. The anatomical consistency of each of our functionally defined regions across subjects and the spatial sharpness of their activation profiles within subjects highlight the fact that these regions constitute replicable and distinctive landmarks in the functional organization of the human brain.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f37cb7d1d3db0424cd279e1dd8bf69de/perceptron}, keywords = {Processing, Mapping; Stimulation Cerebral Brain Male; Adult; Magnetic Resonance Visual; Humans; Image Pattern Recognition, Cortex; Imaging; Photic Computer-Assisted; Female;} } @article{Paulesu2000, title = {A cultural effect on brain function.}, author = {E. Paulesu and E. McCrory and F. Fazio and L. Menoncello and N. Brunswick and S. F. Cappa and M. Cotelli and G. Cossu and F. Corte and M. Lorusso and S. Pesenti and A. Gallagher and D. Perani and C. Price and C. D. Frith and U. Frith}, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, pages = {91--96}, volume = 3, year = 2000, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/71163}, pmid = {10607401}, doi = {10.1038/71163}, abstract = {We present behavioral and anatomical evidence for a multi-component reading system in which different components are differentially weighted depending on culture-specific demands of orthography. Italian orthography is consistent, enabling reliable conversion of graphemes to phonemes to yield correct pronunciation of the word. English orthography is inconsistent, complicating mapping of letters to word sounds. In behavioral studies, Italian students showed faster word and non-word reading than English students. In two PET studies, Italians showed greater activation in left superior temporal regions associated with phoneme processing. In contrast, English readers showed greater activations, particularly for non-words, in left posterior inferior temporal gyrus and anterior inferior frontal gyrus, areas associated with word retrieval during both reading and naming tasks.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2da374209ea85dff5191e9c776c22cd37/perceptron}, keywords = {Emission-Computed Mapping; Frontal Support, Stimulation; Non-U.S. Brain Temporal Reaction Adult; Tomography, Italy; Speech; Reading; Gov't; Linguistics; Humans; Research England; Photic Culture; Lobe; Time;} } @article{Pammer2004, title = {Visual word recognition: the first half second.}, author = {Kristen Pammer and Peter C Hansen and Morten L Kringelbach and Ian Holliday and Gareth Barnes and Arjan Hillebrand and Krish D Singh and Piers L Cornelissen}, journal = {Neuroimage}, pages = {1819--1825}, volume = 22, year = 2004, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.004}, pii = {S1053811904002708}, pmid = {15275938}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.004}, abstract = {We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to map the spatiotemporal evolution of cortical activity for visual word recognition. We show that for five-letter words, activity in the left hemisphere (LH) fusiform gyrus expands systematically in both the posterior-anterior and medial-lateral directions over the course of the first 500 ms after stimulus presentation. Contrary to what would be expected from cognitive models and hemodynamic studies, the component of this activity that spatially coincides with the visual word form area (VWFA) is not active until around 200 ms post-stimulus, and critically, this activity is preceded by and co-active with activity in parts of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, BA44/6). The spread of activity in the VWFA for words does not appear in isolation but is co-active in parallel with spread of activity in anterior middle temporal gyrus (aMTG, BA 21 and 38), posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG, BA37/39), and IFG.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/242e9e0b9ad87f68c76f3d2e7db03cde0/perceptron}, keywords = {Verbal Aged; Non-U.S. Male; Adult; Decision Humans; Image Research Imaging, Computer-Assisted; Potentials, Processing, Learning Mapping; Middle Support, Brain Short-Term; Magnetics; Three-Dimensional; Cerebral; Reading; Magnetoencephalography; Gov't; Making; Dominance, Visual; Evoked Memory, Pattern Recognition, Female;} } @article{Oztop2002, title = {Schema design and implementation of the grasp-related mirror neuron system.}, author = {Erhan Oztop and Michael A Arbib}, journal = {Biological Cybernectics}, number = 2, pages = {116--140}, volume = 87, year = 2002, url = {http://dx.doi.org/0318-1}, timestamp = {2007.04.11}, pmid = {12181587}, owner = {sara}, doi = {0318-1}, abstract = {Mirror neurons within a monkey's premotor area F5 fire not only when the monkey performs a certain class of actions but also when the monkey observes another monkey (or the experimenter) perform a similar action. It has thus been argued that these neurons are crucial for understanding of actions by others. We offer the hand-state hypothesis as a new explanation of the evolution of this capability: the basic functionality of the F5 mirror system is to elaborate the appropriate feedback - what we call the hand state - for opposition-space based control of manual grasping of an object. Given this functionality, the social role of the F5 mirror system in understanding the actions of others may be seen as an exaptation gained by generalizing from one's own hand to an other's hand. In other words, mirror neurons first evolved to augment the "canonical" F5 neurons (active during self-movement based on observation of an object) by providing visual feedback on "hand state," relating the shape of the hand to the shape of the object. We then introduce the MNS1 (mirror neuron system 1) model of F5 and related brain regions. The existing Fagg-Arbib-Rizzolatti-Sakata model represents circuitry for visually guided grasping of objects, linking the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) with F5 canonical neurons. The MNS1 model extends the AIP visual pathway by also modeling pathways, directed toward F5 mirror neurons, which match arm-hand trajectories to the affordances and location of a potential target object. We present the basic schemas for the MNS1 model, then aggregate them into three "grand schemas" - visual analysis of hand state, reach and grasp, and the core mirror circuit - for each of which we present a useful implementation (a non-neural visual processing system, a multijoint 3-D kinematics simulator, and a learning neural network, respectively). With this implementation we show how the mirror system may learn to recognize actions already in the repertoire of the F5 canonical neurons. We show that the connectivity pattern of mirror neuron circuitry can be established through training, and that the resultant network can exhibit a range of novel, physiologically interesting behaviors during the process of action recognition. We train the system on the basis of final grasp but then observe the whole time course of mirror neuron activity, yielding predictions for neurophysiological experiments under conditions of spatial perturbation, altered kinematics, and ambiguous grasp execution which highlight the importance of the timing of mirror neuron activity.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e35d47ba3c21e67b99434a71f587cb05/perceptron}, keywords = {Mapping; Factors; Animals; Brain Motor Performance; Hand; Biomechanics; Feedback; Time Models, Perception Humans; Macaca; Neurons; Cortex; Psychomotor Neurological; Visual} } @article{Levy2001, title = {Center-periphery organization of human object areas.}, author = {I. Levy and U. Hasson and G. Avidan and T. Hendler and R. Malach}, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, pages = {533--539}, volume = 4, year = 2001, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/87490}, pii = {87490}, pmid = {11319563}, doi = {10.1038/87490}, abstract = {The organizing principles that govern the layout of human object-related areas are largely unknown. Here we propose a new organizing principle in which object representations are arranged according to a central versus peripheral visual field bias. The proposal is based on the finding that building-related regions overlap periphery-biased visual field representations, whereas face-related regions are associated with center-biased representations. Furthermore, the eccentricity maps encompass essentially the entire extent of object-related occipito-temporal cortex, indicating that most object representations are organized with respect to retinal eccentricity. A control experiment ruled out the possibility that the results are due exclusively to unequal feature distribution in these images. We hypothesize that brain regions representing object categories that rely on detailed central scrutiny (such as faces) are more strongly associated with processing of central information, compared to representations of objects that may be recognized by more peripheral information (such as buildings or scenes).}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2a7e22d7b575f51b5554e073144a670a2/perceptron}, keywords = {Mapping; Middle Aged; Support, Stimulation; Non-U.S. Brain Male; Adult; Retina; Fields; Gov't; Magnetic Algorithms; Resonance Perception Humans; Research Cortex; Imaging; Photic Visual Female;} } @article{Kourtzi2000a, title = {Cortical regions involved in perceiving object shape.}, author = {Z. Kourtzi and N. Kanwisher}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = 9, pages = {3310--3318}, volume = 20, year = 2000, url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/20/9/3310}, pmid = {10777794}, abstract = {The studies described here use functional magnetic resonance imaging to test whether common or distinct cognitive and/or neural mechanisms are involved in extracting object structure from the different image cues defining an object's shape, such as contours, shading, and monocular depth cues. We found overlapping activations in the lateral and ventral occipital cortex [known as the lateral occipital complex (LOC)] for objects defined by different visual cues (e.g., grayscale photographs and line drawings) when each was compared with its own scrambled-object control. In a second experiment we found a reduced response when objects were repeated, independent of whether they appeared in the same or a different format (i.e., grayscale images vs line drawings). A third experiment showed that activation in the LOC was no stronger for three-dimensional shapes defined by contours or monocular depth cues, such as occlusion, than for two-dimensional shapes, suggesting that these regions are not selectively involved in processing three-dimensional shape information. These results suggest that common regions in the LOC are involved in extracting and/or representing information about object structure from different image cues.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21e9a06fac2fd1b279f50d8605482bb50/perceptron}, keywords = {Mapping; Stimulation; Brain Magnetic Cortex Form Resonance Humans; Cues; Imaging; Photic Visual Perception;} } @article{Kiehl1999, title = {Neural pathways involved in the processing of concrete and abstract words.}, author = {K. A. Kiehl and P. F. Liddle and A. M. Smith and A. Mendrek and B. B. Forster and R. D. Hare}, journal = {Human Brain Mapping}, pages = {225--233}, volume = 7, year = 1999, pii = {3.0.CO;2-P}, pmid = {10408766}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to delineate the neural pathways involved in processing concrete and abstract words using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Word and pseudoword stimuli were presented visually, one at a time, and the participant was required to make a lexical decision. Lexical decision epochs alternated with a resting baseline. In each lexical decision epoch, the stimuli were either concrete words and pseudowords, or abstract words and pseudowords. Behavioral data indicated that, as with previous research, concrete word stimuli were processed more efficiently than abstract word stimuli. Analysis of the fMRI data indicated that processing of word stimuli, compared to the baseline condition, was associated with neural activation in the bilateral fusiform gyrus, anterior cingulate, left middle temporal gyrus, right posterior superior temporal gyrus, and left and right inferior frontal gyrus. A direct comparison between the abstract and concrete stimuli epochs yielded a significant area of activation in the right anterior temporal cortex. The results are consistent with recent positron emission tomography work showing right hemisphere activation during processing of abstract representations of language. The results are interpreted as support for a right hemisphere neural pathway in the processing of abstract word representations.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/24cff6cb8aedf2b36daa97c871ab7c0e4/perceptron}, keywords = {Verbal Learning Mapping; Support, Stimulation; Non-U.S. Cerebral Brain Male; Adult; Pathways; Gov't; Magnetic Neural Mental Processes; Resonance Humans; Research Behavior; Cortex; Imaging; Photic} } @article{Kanwisher2000, title = {Domain specificity in face perception.}, author = {N. Kanwisher}, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, pages = {759--763}, volume = 3, year = 2000, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/77664}, pmid = {10903567}, doi = {10.1038/77664}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2bb63c8c273774bbf30378bb462845df5/perceptron}, keywords = {Mapping; Support, Brain Face; Gov't, U.S. Form P.H.S. Visual; Humans; Neurons; Brain; Pattern Recognition, Research Perception;} } @article{Haxby2001, title = {Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex.}, author = {J. V. Haxby and M. I. Gobbini and M. L. Furey and A. Ishai and J. L. Schouten and P. Pietrini}, journal = {Science}, pages = {2425--2430}, volume = 293, year = 2001, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1063736}, pii = {293/5539/2425}, pmid = {11577229}, doi = {10.1126/science.1063736}, abstract = {The functional architecture of the object vision pathway in the human brain was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure patterns of response in ventral temporal cortex while subjects viewed faces, cats, five categories of man-made objects, and nonsense pictures. A distinct pattern of response was found for each stimulus category. The distinctiveness of the response to a given category was not due simply to the regions that responded maximally to that category, because the category being viewed also could be identified on the basis of the pattern of response when those regions were excluded from the analysis. Patterns of response that discriminated among all categories were found even within cortical regions that responded maximally to only one category. These results indicate that the representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex are widely distributed and overlapping.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f60dbb3b303e1ac42f022c73dd5c0e3c/perceptron}, keywords = {Mapping; Pathways Recognition Brain Temporal (Psychology); Male; Face; Magnetic Form Resonance Visual; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Imaging; Lobe; Visual Female; Perception;} } @article{Hasson2003c, title = {Large-scale mirror-symmetry organization of human occipito-temporal object areas.}, author = {Uri Hasson and Michal Harel and Ifat Levy and Rafael Malach}, journal = {Neuron}, pages = {1027--1041}, volume = 37, year = 2003, url = {http://www.neuron.org/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0896627303001442}, pii = {S0896627303001442}, pmid = {12670430}, abstract = {We have combined functional maps of retinotopy (eccentricity and meridian mapping), object category, and motion in a group of subjects to explore the large-scale topography of higher-order object areas. Our results reveal seven consistent category-related entities situated in the occipito-temporal cortex adjoining early visual areas. These include two face-related regions, three object-related regions, and two building-related regions. Interestingly, this complex category-related pattern is organized in a large-scale dorso-ventral mirror symmetry of object category. Furthermore, correlating this pattern to the map of visual field eccentricity, we found that the entire network of areas could be related to a single and unified eccentricity map. We hypothesize that this large-scale organization points to a possible development of high-order object areas through extension and specialization of a single proto-representation.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22f0966a1aaefed77f7c00c9c8649d7ef/perceptron}, keywords = {Mapping; Motion; Support, Non-U.S. Brain Temporal Occipital Laterality; Fields; Gov't; Perception Visual; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Research Cortex; Lobe; Visual} } @article{Hanson2004, title = {Combinatorial codes in ventral temporal lobe for object recognition: Haxby (2001) revisited: is there a "face" area?}, author = {Stephen Jos� Hanson and Toshihiko Matsuka and James V Haxby}, journal = {Neuroimage}, pages = {156--166}, volume = 23, year = 2004, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.020}, pii = {S105381190400299X}, pmid = {15325362}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.05.020}, abstract = {Haxby et al. [Science 293 (2001) 2425] recently argued that category-related responses in the ventral temporal (VT) lobe during visual object identification were overlapping and distributed in topography. This observation contrasts with prevailing views that object codes are focal and localized to specific areas such as the fusiform and parahippocampal gyri. We provide a critical test of Haxby's hypothesis using a neural network (NN) classifier that can detect more general topographic representations and achieves 83\% correct generalization performance on patterns of voxel responses in out-of-sample tests. Using voxel-wise sensitivity analysis we show that substantially the same VT lobe voxels contribute to the classification of all object categories, suggesting the code is combinatorial. Moreover, we found no evidence for local single category representations. The neural network representations of the voxel codes were sensitive to both category and superordinate level features that were only available implicitly in the object categories.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/249315aad02ee4ad1a6bc21ba4f9afadf/perceptron}, keywords = {Non-U.S. Temporal Adult; Gov't, Magnetic Neural Values; (Computer); Humans; Image Networks Research Imaging; Computer-Assisted; Processing, Mapping; Orientation; Support, Lobe Brain Discrimination Non-P.H.S.; Net; Occipital Consumption; Oxygen Gov't; Computing; Mathematical U.S. Gyrus; Learning; Resonance Parahippocampal Visual; Pattern Reference Recognition, Nerve Lobe;} } @article{Grill-Spector2003, title = {The neural basis of object perception.}, author = {Kalanit Grill-Spector}, journal = {Current Opinion Neurobiology}, pages = {159--166}, volume = 13, year = 2003, pii = {S0959438803000400}, pmid = {12744968}, abstract = {Humans can recognize an object within a fraction of a second, even if there are no clues about what kind of object it might be. Recent findings have identified functional properties of extrastriate regions in the ventral visual pathway that are involved in the representation and perception of objects and faces. The functional properties of these regions, and the correlation between the activation of these regions and visual recognition, indicate that the lateral and ventral occipito-temporal areas are important in perceiving and recognizing objects and faces.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/20537298bb5ce3057e5c2476a3605a502/perceptron}, keywords = {Mapping; Animals; Cerebral Brain Pathways; Magnetic Perception Resonance Humans; Neurons; Cortex; Imaging; Visual} } @article{Downing2001, title = {A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body.}, author = {P. E. Downing and Y. Jiang and M. Shuman and N. Kanwisher}, journal = {Science}, pages = {2470--2473}, volume = 293, year = 2001, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1063414}, pii = {293/5539/2470}, pmid = {11577239}, doi = {10.1126/science.1063414}, abstract = {Despite extensive evidence for regions of human visual cortex that respond selectively to faces, few studies have considered the cortical representation of the appearance of the rest of the human body. We present a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies revealing substantial evidence for a distinct cortical region in humans that responds selectively to images of the human body, as compared with a wide range of control stimuli. This region was found in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex in all subjects tested and apparently reflects a specialized neural system for the visual perception of the human body.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ab2cf037a4d2e50ab4363369fe873350/perceptron}, keywords = {Mapping; Animals; Human Recognition Brain Temporal (Psychology); Occipital Face; Magnetic Cortex Form Resonance Body; Visual; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Imaging; Lobe; Visual Perception;} } @article{Downing2006, title = {Domain specificity in visual cortex.}, author = {P. E. Downing and A. W-Y Chan and M. V. Peelen and C. M. Dodds and N. Kanwisher}, journal = {Cerebral Cortex}, pages = {1453--1461}, volume = 16, year = 2006, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhj086}, pii = {bhj086}, pmid = {16339084}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/bhj086}, abstract = {We investigated the prevalence and specificity of category-selective regions in human visual cortex. In the broadest survey to date of category selectivity in visual cortex, 12 participants were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing scenes and 19 different object categories in a blocked-design experiment. As expected, we found selectivity for faces in the fusiform face area (FFA), for scenes in the parahippocampal place area (PPA), and for bodies in the extrastriate body area (EBA). In addition, we describe 3 main new findings. First, evidence for the selectivity of the FFA, PPA, and EBA was strengthened by the finding that each area responded significantly more strongly to its preferred category than to the next most effective of the remaining 19 stimulus categories tested. Second, a region in the middle temporal gyrus that has been reported to respond significantly more strongly to tools than to animals did not respond significantly more strongly to tools than to other nontool categories (such as fruits and vegetables), casting doubt on the characterization of this region as tool selective. Finally, we did not find any new regions in the occipitotemporal pathway that were strongly selective for other categories. Taken together, these results demonstrate both the strong selectivity of a small number of regions and the scarcity of such regions in visual cortex.}, biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21a778fe3443c45ada98b9d9c5aa77e25/perceptron}, keywords = {Potentials, Sensitivity Mapping; N.I.H., Support, Non-U.S. Brain Adult; and Gov't; Cortex Visual; Humans; Evoked Pattern Recognition, Research Visual Specificity; Extramural;} }