Abstract
Current estimates are that only a fraction of the mass of galaxies can
be detected by existing instrumentation. Present mass-luminosity ratios
for the observable universe yield only an estimated 20 percent of the
mass needed to close the universe. Analytical techniques are reviewed
which have been developed to treat data on galaxies which are in a state
of equilibrium that cannot be attained without more mass than is
observed. Models of an early universe in which fluctuations led to the
formation of galaxies are discussed to demonstrate that a new form of
matter is needed to account for observed galactic forms which
straightforward gravitational considerations cannot. Problems with
neutrinos as the missing matter are noted, and the potential usefulness
of axions, photinos and cosmic strings as new candidates for the missing
matter is explored.
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