%0 Journal Article %1 Davidson2005 %A Davidson, Paul R. %A Wolpert, Daniel M. %A Scott, Stephen H. %A Flanagan, J. Randall %D 2005 %J The Journal of Neuroscience %K adaptation; arm control; dynamics integration; learning; limb motor movement; sensorimotor %N 22 %P 5425–5429 %R DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0429-05.2005 %T Common Encoding of Novel Dynamic Loads Applied to the Hand and Arm %V 25 %X In manual action, the relationship between a given motorcommandand the ensuing movement depends on the dynamics of both the arm and hand-held objects. Skilled performance relies on the brain learning both these dynamics, and previous studies have examined how people adapt to novel loads applied to either the hand or the arm. In this study, we ask whether these different kinds of load are represented independently as a result of changes in cutaneous feedback and hand–arm coordination. We used a robotic apparatus that could either apply forces to an object held in the subject’s hand or directly to the segments of the arm. We tested whether subjects could retain learning of a force field applied to the hand after subsequently experiencing the opposing field applied to the arm (or vice versa), or whether retrograde interference would be observed. In separate experiments, we used force fields and torque fields that were linearly related to either hand or joint velocities, respectively. Our finding of complete interference between opposing fields suggests that loads applied to the arm and hand are not represented independently by the sensorimotor system. This interference occurred despite markedly different cutaneous inputs that were directly related to the movement task. This result suggests that the brain represents dynamics independently of these sensory inputs. In addition, we found that the rate at which subjects adapted to a given force field, specified either in hand or joint coordinates, was independent of whether the forces were applied to the hand or arm segments.

@article{Davidson2005, abstract = {In manual action, the relationship between a given motorcommandand the ensuing movement depends on the dynamics of both the arm and hand-held objects. Skilled performance relies on the brain learning both these dynamics, and previous studies have examined how people adapt to novel loads applied to either the hand or the arm. In this study, we ask whether these different kinds of load are represented independently as a result of changes in cutaneous feedback and hand–arm coordination. We used a robotic apparatus that could either apply forces to an object held in the subject’s hand or directly to the segments of the arm. We tested whether subjects could retain learning of a force field applied to the hand after subsequently experiencing the opposing field applied to the arm (or vice versa), or whether retrograde interference would be observed. In separate experiments, we used force fields and torque fields that were linearly related to either hand or joint velocities, respectively. Our finding of complete interference between opposing fields suggests that loads applied to the arm and hand are not represented independently by the sensorimotor system. This interference occurred despite markedly different cutaneous inputs that were directly related to the movement task. This result suggests that the brain represents dynamics independently of these sensory inputs. In addition, we found that the rate at which subjects adapted to a given force field, specified either in hand or joint coordinates, was independent of whether the forces were applied to the hand or arm segments.}, added-at = {2009-06-26T15:25:19.000+0200}, author = {Davidson, Paul R. and Wolpert, Daniel M. and Scott, Stephen H. and Flanagan, J. Randall}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2aac6540c186b9acc26f8308cee24e117/butz}, comment = {Es gibt retrograde interferenz beim motorischen lernen. Um zu testen ob diese Interferenz auch besteht, obwohl substantielles sensorisches Feedback gegeben wird müssen VPs den selben dynamischen Kontext erlernen, wobei entweder der Oberarm oder die Hand durch einen Roboter abgelenkt wird. Es konnte jedoch keine reduktion der interferenz gefunden werden. Folglich wird die Dynamik von Arm und Hand z.T. in einem einzigen System repräsentiert und die Dynamik unabhängig von den sensorischen Konsequenzen ausgeführt.}, description = {diverse cognitive systems bib}, doi = {DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0429-05.2005}, interhash = {a4446d6c0c0111f420064501635e9048}, intrahash = {aac6540c186b9acc26f8308cee24e117}, journal = {The Journal of Neuroscience}, keywords = {adaptation; arm control; dynamics integration; learning; limb motor movement; sensorimotor}, number = 22, owner = {martin}, pages = {5425–5429}, timestamp = {2009-06-26T15:25:26.000+0200}, title = {Common Encoding of Novel Dynamic Loads Applied to the Hand and Arm}, volume = 25, year = { 2005} }