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Patterns of antigenic diversity and the mechanisms that maintain them

by: Marc Lipsitch, and Justin J O'Hagan

In: Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 4, Nr. 16 (2007) , p. 787-802.

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URL:	http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/16/787.abstract
DOI:	10.1098/rsif.2007.0229

Many of the remaining challenges in infectious disease control involve pathogens that fail to elicit long-lasting immunity in their hosts. Antigenic variation is a common reason for this failure and a contributor to the complexity of vaccine design. Diversifying selection by the host immune system is commonly, and often correctly, invoked to explain antigenic variability in pathogens. However, there is a wide variety of patterns of antigenic variation across space and time, and within and between hosts, and we do not yet understand the determinants of these different patterns. This review describes five such patterns, taking as examples two bacteria and , two viruses influenza A and HIV-1, as well as the pathogens taken as a group for which antigenic variation is negligible. Pathogen-specific explanations for these patterns of diversity are critically evaluated, and the patterns are compared against predictions of theoretical models for antigenic diversity. Major remaining challenges are highlighted, including the identification of key protective antigens in bacteria, the design of vaccines to combat antigenic variability for viruses and the development of more systematic explanations for patterns of antigenic variation.

Description

Patterns of antigenic diversity and the mechanisms that maintain them — Interface

BibTeX record

@article{MarcLipsitch10222007,
  abstract = {Many of the remaining challenges in infectious disease control involve pathogens that fail to elicit long-lasting immunity in their hosts. Antigenic variation is a common reason for this failure and a contributor to the complexity of vaccine design. Diversifying selection by the host immune system is commonly, and often correctly, invoked to explain antigenic variability in pathogens. However, there is a wide variety of patterns of antigenic variation across space and time, and within and between hosts, and we do not yet understand the determinants of these different patterns. This review describes five such patterns, taking as examples two bacteria ( and ), two viruses (influenza A and HIV-1), as well as the pathogens (taken as a group) for which antigenic variation is negligible. Pathogen-specific explanations for these patterns of diversity are critically evaluated, and the patterns are compared against predictions of theoretical models for antigenic diversity. Major remaining challenges are highlighted, including the identification of key protective antigens in bacteria, the design of vaccines to combat antigenic variability for viruses and the development of more systematic explanations for patterns of antigenic variation.
},
  added-at = {2009-07-04T01:34:16.000+0200},
  author = {Lipsitch, Marc and O'Hagan, Justin J},
  biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21965fc8dc47bc2e2dc07fcd3380c5e97/ebo},
  description = {Patterns of antigenic diversity and the mechanisms that maintain them — Interface},
  doi = {10.1098/rsif.2007.0229},
  eprint = {http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/16/787.full.pdf+html},
  interhash = {713b3b95c1c95c68c0202e26730bc96e},
  intrahash = {1965fc8dc47bc2e2dc07fcd3380c5e97},
  journal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
  keywords = {epi evolution imported review},
  number = 16,
  pages = {787-802},
  timestamp = {2009-07-04T01:34:16.000+0200},
  title = {{Patterns of antigenic diversity and the mechanisms that maintain them}},
  url = {http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/16/787.abstract},
  volume = 4,
  year = 2007
}

Endnote record

%0 Journal Article
%1 MarcLipsitch10222007
%A Lipsitch, Marc
%A O'Hagan, Justin J
%D 2007
%J Journal of The Royal Society Interface
%K 
%N 16
%P 787-802
%T {Patterns of antigenic diversity and the mechanisms that maintain them}
%R 10.1098/rsif.2007.0229
%U http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/16/787.abstract
%V 4
%X Many of the remaining challenges in infectious disease control involve pathogens that fail to elicit long-lasting immunity in their hosts. Antigenic variation is a common reason for this failure and a contributor to the complexity of vaccine design. Diversifying selection by the host immune system is commonly, and often correctly, invoked to explain antigenic variability in pathogens. However, there is a wide variety of patterns of antigenic variation across space and time, and within and between hosts, and we do not yet understand the determinants of these different patterns. This review describes five such patterns, taking as examples two bacteria ( and ), two viruses (influenza A and HIV-1), as well as the pathogens (taken as a group) for which antigenic variation is negligible. Pathogen-specific explanations for these patterns of diversity are critically evaluated, and the patterns are compared against predictions of theoretical models for antigenic diversity. Major remaining challenges are highlighted, including the identification of key protective antigens in bacteria, the design of vaccines to combat antigenic variability for viruses and the development of more systematic explanations for patterns of antigenic variation.