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Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model

by: Craig W. Reynolds

In: SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, Vol. 21, Nr. 4ACM Press (July 1987) , p. 25--34.

Resources (URL, PDF, PS...)

URL:	http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/37402.37406

The aggregate motion of a flock of birds, a herd of land animals, or a school of fish is a beautiful and familiar part of the natural world. But this type of complex motion is rarely seen in computer animation. This paper explores an approach based on simulation as an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird individually. The simulated flock is an elaboration of a particle system, with the simulated birds being the particles. The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is created by a distributed behavioral model much like that at work in a natural flock; the birds choose their own course. Each simulated bird is implemented as an independent actor that navigates according to its local perception of the dynamic environment, the laws of simulated physics that rule its motion, and a set of behaviours programmed into it by the änimator." The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is the result of the dense interaction of the relatively simple behaviours of the individual simulated birds.

BibTeX record

@article{reynolds:1987:CG,
  abstract = {The aggregate motion of a flock of birds, a herd of
                 land animals, or a school of fish is a beautiful and
                 familiar part of the natural world. But this type of
                 complex motion is rarely seen in computer animation.
                 This paper explores an approach based on simulation as
                 an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird
                 individually. The simulated flock is an elaboration of
                 a particle system, with the simulated birds being the
                 particles. The aggregate motion of the simulated flock
                 is created by a distributed behavioral model much like
                 that at work in a natural flock; the birds choose their
                 own course. Each simulated bird is implemented as an
                 independent actor that navigates according to its local
                 perception of the dynamic environment, the laws of
                 simulated physics that rule its motion, and a set of
                 behaviours programmed into it by the {"}animator.{"}
                 The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is the
                 result of the dense interaction of the relatively
                 simple behaviours of the individual simulated birds.},
  added-at = {2008-06-19T17:35:00.000+0200},
  author = {Reynolds, Craig W.},
  biburl = {http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/24cc8d7ffc7d4db5c473f5f25d9dd2068/brazovayeye},
  interhash = {0d0433c973c4196f004d614acaa101f0},
  intrahash = {4cc8d7ffc7d4db5c473f5f25d9dd2068},
  issn = {0097-8930},
  journal = {SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics},
  keywords = {Algorithms, actor, aggregate animation, behavioral bird, constraints, design, fish, flight, flock, herd, motion, particle path planning school, system,},
  month = {July},
  notes = {Categories and Subject Descriptors: 1.2.10 [Artificial
                 Intelligence]: Vision and Scene Understanding; 1.3.5
                 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object
                 Modelling; 1.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional
                 Graphics and Realism--Animation; 1.6.3 [Simulation and
                 Modeling[: Applications.

Also published as \cite{37406}},
  number = 4,
  pages = {25--34},
  publisher = {ACM Press},
  size = {10 pages},
  timestamp = {2008-06-19T17:35:00.000+0200},
  title = {Flocks, Herds, and Schools: {A} Distributed Behavioral
                 Model},
  url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/37402.37406},
  volume = 21,
  year = 1987
}

Endnote record

%0 Journal Article
%1 reynolds:1987:CG
%A Reynolds, Craig W.
%D 1987
%I ACM Press
%J SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
%K 
%N 4
%P 25--34
%T Flocks, Herds, and Schools: {A} Distributed Behavioral
                 Model
%U http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/37402.37406
%V 21
%X The aggregate motion of a flock of birds, a herd of
                 land animals, or a school of fish is a beautiful and
                 familiar part of the natural world. But this type of
                 complex motion is rarely seen in computer animation.
                 This paper explores an approach based on simulation as
                 an alternative to scripting the paths of each bird
                 individually. The simulated flock is an elaboration of
                 a particle system, with the simulated birds being the
                 particles. The aggregate motion of the simulated flock
                 is created by a distributed behavioral model much like
                 that at work in a natural flock; the birds choose their
                 own course. Each simulated bird is implemented as an
                 independent actor that navigates according to its local
                 perception of the dynamic environment, the laws of
                 simulated physics that rule its motion, and a set of
                 behaviours programmed into it by the {"}animator.{"}
                 The aggregate motion of the simulated flock is the
                 result of the dense interaction of the relatively
                 simple behaviours of the individual simulated birds.

BibSonomy :: publication ::

Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model

Resources (URL, PDF, PS...)

Abstract

BibTeX record

Endnote record