<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:taxo="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/taxonomy/" xmlns:burst="http://xmlns.com/burst/0.1/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/" xmlns:admin="http://webns.net/mvcb/" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:syn="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/" xmlns:swrc="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#" xmlns:cc="http://web.resource.org/cc/"><channel rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/0e9e9a827dc89c120203ad8ece58f485c"><title>BibSonomy publications for /bibtex/0e9e9a827dc89c120203ad8ece58f485c</title><link>BibSonomyburst/bibtex/0e9e9a827dc89c120203ad8ece58f485c</link><description>BibSonomy RSS feed for /bibtex/0e9e9a827dc89c120203ad8ece58f485c</description><dc:date>2012-02-17T15:49:08+01:00</dc:date><items><rdf:Seq><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/266239abdeff06f146b3451a5ede70190/yish"/></rdf:Seq></items></channel><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/266239abdeff06f146b3451a5ede70190/yish"><title>A Scaffolding Design Framework for Software to Support Science Inquiry</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/266239abdeff06f146b3451a5ede70190/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2006-06-05T03:01:05+02:00</dc:date><dc:subject>learning building cscl mathgamespatterns scaffolding knowledge designapproaches learner-centered </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Quintana&#034;&gt;Chris Quintana&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Reiser&#034;&gt;Brian J. Reiser&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Davis&#034;&gt;Elizabeth A. Davis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Krajcik&#034;&gt;Joseph Krajcik&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Fretz&#034;&gt;Eric Fretz&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Duncan&#034;&gt;Ravit G. Duncan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Kyza&#034;&gt;Eleni Kyza&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Edelson&#034;&gt;Daniel Edelson&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Soloway&#034;&gt;Elliot Soloway&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Journal of the Learning Sciences&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;13(3):337--386&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;2004&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/building"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/cscl"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/mathgamespatterns"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/scaffolding"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/knowledge"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/designapproaches"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learner-centered"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/266239abdeff06f146b3451a5ede70190/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/266239abdeff06f146b3451a5ede70190/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327809jls1303_4"/><swrc:date>Mon Jun 05 03:01:05 CEST 2006</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Journal of the Learning Sciences</swrc:journal><swrc:number>3</swrc:number><swrc:pages>337--386</swrc:pages><swrc:title>A Scaffolding Design Framework for Software to Support Science Inquiry</swrc:title><swrc:volume>13</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2004</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>learning building cscl mathgamespatterns scaffolding knowledge designapproaches learner-centered </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>The notion of scaffolding learners to help them succeed in solving problems otherwise too difficult for them is an important idea that has extended into the design of scaffolded software tools for learners. However, although there is a growing body of work on scaffolded tools, scaffold design, and the impact of scaffolding, the field has not yet converged on a common theoretical framework that defines rationales and approaches to guide the design of scaffolded tools. In this article, we present a scaffolding design framework addressing scaffolded software tools for science inquiry. Developed through iterative cycles of inductive and theory-based analysis, the framework synthesizes the work of prior design efforts, theoretical arguments, and empirical work in a set of guidelines that are organized around science inquiry practices and the challenges learners face in those practices. The framework can provide a basis for developing a theory of pedagogical support and a mechanism to describe successful scaffolding approaches. It can also guide design, not in a prescriptive manner but by providing designers with heuristics and examples of possible ways to address the challenges learners face.</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2" swrc:key="priority"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="504094" swrc:key="citeulike-article-id"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="propose a framework for designing scaffolding stuctures. Position this freamwork in the context of inquiry based learning. Consequently, orgenize the framework around three proccesses: &#039;sense making&#039;, which involves the basic operations of testing hypotheses and interpreting data; &#039;process management&#039;, which involves the strategic decisions involved in controlling the inquiry process; and articulation and &#039;reflection&#039;, which is the process of constructing, evaluating, and articulating what has been learned.



Derived a framework which includes several elements: 



- the task model, the constituents of activity derived from the inquiry based learning literature.



- obstacles encountered by learners.



- scaffolding guidelines provide principles for designing scaffolds to help learners overcome the obstacles.



- scaffolding stratagies, more specific implementation approaches



- examples 



In spirit, this approach converges on the idea of design patterns. However, the scaffolding stratagies are too lakonic to be useful as an imidiate design tool, for example: &#039;Restrict a complex task by setting useful boundaries for learners&#039;. The details of how to do so are provided implicitly, through a set of examples and their lenghtly discussion.

---

&#034;Scaffolding has been traditionally defined as the process by which a teacher or more knowledgeable peer provides assistance that enables learners to succeed in problems that would otherwise be too difficult (Wood, Bruner, \&amp; Ross, 1976; see also Palincsar, 1998; Stone, 1998). For

example, a teacher may provide strategic guidance, help learners set appropriate goals, or perform difficult parts of a task.&#034; (p 338)



&#034;Scaffolding can help learners accomplish tasks within their zone of proximal

development (Vygotsky, 1978) by providing the assistance learners need to accomplish tasks more complex than they could do alone in a way such that they can still learn from that experience.&#034; (p 340)



&#034;Researchers have developed theoretical frameworks to guide their designs such as Linn’s scaffolded knowledge integration framework, which stresses integrating scientific understanding with prior commonsense knowledge (Linn, Davis, \&amp; Eylon, 2004; Linn\&amp;Hsi, 2000), and Scardamalia and Bereiter’s (1991) intentional learning framework, which encourages learners to articulate their understandings through structured discourse. 

Despite these individual successes, accumulation of both theory and craft

knowledge about scaffolding design has been difficult.&#034; (p 339)





&#034;We argue that advances in the field require an empirically grounded consensus

about successful scaffolding methods. This requires a common theoretical

framework to define and evaluate scaffolding approaches for software tools. Researchers need a common theoretical vocabulary that allows them to characterize and test the generality of claims about scaffolding, for example, to determine whether two different tools implement the same theoretical scaffolding claim.

Principles must go beyond specific software implementations or a history of

tools from a particular research project and instead synthesize the craft and theoretical understanding of the field to guide new developments in software, empirical research, and theory.&#034; (p 339)



---

Theoretical Grounding 



&#034;First, we consider cognitive apprenticeship. The instructional situations we are targeting fall loosely under this approach in which students become increasingly

accomplished problem-solvers given guidance from mentors through coaching,

task structuring, and hints (Bruner, 1996; Collins, Brown, \&amp; Newman, 1989b).

Cognitive apprenticeship provides a model of how performance of complex tasks can be distributed, with others helping to minimize obstacles and compensate for limitations by providing assistance at opportune moments. Second, we consider

cognitive models of learning by doing (e.g., Anderson, 1983; VanLehn, 1989) to explore the nature of expertise in a discipline and the difficulties learners face in working on rich open-ended problems. Third, we consider the perspectives of social constructivism and situated cognition, which provide an account of socially situated tasks and describe how learning a discipline involves social interaction and discourse dimensions (e.g., Lave \&amp; Wenger, 1991; Vygotsky, 1978).&#034; (p 340)" swrc:key="comment"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="10.1207/s15327809jls1303_4" swrc:key="doi"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Chris Quintana"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Brian J. Reiser"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Elizabeth A. Davis"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Joseph Krajcik"/></rdf:_4><rdf:_5><swrc:Person swrc:name="Eric Fretz"/></rdf:_5><rdf:_6><swrc:Person swrc:name="Ravit G. Duncan"/></rdf:_6><rdf:_7><swrc:Person swrc:name="Eleni Kyza"/></rdf:_7><rdf:_8><swrc:Person swrc:name="Daniel Edelson"/></rdf:_8><rdf:_9><swrc:Person swrc:name="Elliot Soloway"/></rdf:_9></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item></rdf:RDF>
