http://www.bibsonomy.org/burst/user/perceptronBibSonomy BuRST Feed for /user/perceptron2008-10-16T06:52:45+02:00http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2d39dc280ff797ac4e388733e53690041/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Imitative (Psychology) Animals; Behavior, Environment; Psychological; Animal; Social Motivation; Transfer Learning; Adaptation, Behavior; <span style="color:#555555;">T. R. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Zentall">Zentall</a> </span><em>Animal Cognition</em><em>9(4):335--353</em>(<em>2006</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Animal Cognition4335--353Imitation: definitions, evidence, and mechanisms.92006Imitative (Psychology) Animals; Behavior, Environment; Psychological; Animal; Social Motivation; Transfer Learning; Adaptation, Behavior; Imitation can be defined as the copying of behavior. To a biologist, interest in imitation is focused on its adaptive value for the survival of the organism, but to a psychologist, the mechanisms responsible for imitation are the most interesting. For psychologists, the most important cases of imitation are those that involve demonstrated behavior that the imitator cannot see when it performs the behavior (e.g., scratching one's head). Such examples of imitation are sometimes referred to as opaque imitation because they are difficult to account for without positing cognitive mechanisms, such as perspective taking, that most animals have not been acknowledged to have. The present review first identifies various forms of social influence and social learning that do not qualify as opaque imitation, including species-typical mechanisms (e.g., mimicry and contagion), motivational mechanisms (e.g., social facilitation, incentive motivation, transfer of fear), attentional mechanisms (e.g., local enhancement, stimulus enhancement), imprinting, following, observational conditioning, and learning how the environment works (affordance learning). It then presents evidence for different forms of opaque imitation in animals, and identifies characteristics of human imitation that have been proposed to distinguish it from animal imitation. Finally, it examines the role played in opaque imitation by demonstrator reinforcement and observer motivation. Although accounts of imitation have been proposed that vary in their level of analysis from neural to cognitive, at present no theory of imitation appears to be adequate to account for the varied results that have been found.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2bc4f4fdec98109a8544336e5129ff5da/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Learning; Arousal; Psychology, Social <span style="color:#555555;">R. B. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Zajonc">Zajonc</a> </span><em>Science</em>(<em>1965</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Science269--274Social facilitation1491965Learning; Arousal; Psychology, Social http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/283ce8496d66e253ba2449841c4284377/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00imported <span style="color:#555555;">B. M. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Yamauchi">Yamauchi</a> und R. D. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Beer">Beer</a> </span><em>Adaptive Behavior</em><em>2(3):219--246</em>(<em>1994</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Adaptive Behavior3219--246Sequential Behavior and Learning in Evolved Dynamical Neural Networks21994imported http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2138a73ed0d25e0e92411b9889cf0cee7/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Prefrontal Male; Temporal Adult; Gov't, of Humans; Phonetics; Cortex; Research Photic Mapping; Emission-Computed Cerebellum; Stimulation; Support, Brain Net; Occipital Reaction Tomography, Variance; Reading; U.S. Analysis P.H.S.; Nerve Lobe; Time; Female; <span style="color:#555555;">B. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Xu">Xu</a> und J. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Grafman">Grafman</a> und W. D. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Gaillard">Gaillard</a> und K. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Ishii">Ishii</a> und F. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Vega-Bermudez">Vega-Bermudez</a> und P. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Pietrini">Pietrini</a> und P. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Reeves-Tyer">Reeves-Tyer</a> und P. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/DiCamillo">DiCamillo</a> und W. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Theodore">Theodore</a> </span><em>Cerebral Cortex</em>(<em>2001</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Cerebral Cortex267--277Conjoint and extended neural networks for the computation of speech codes: the neural basis of selective impairment in reading words and pseudowords.112001Prefrontal Male; Temporal Adult; Gov't, of Humans; Phonetics; Cortex; Research Photic Mapping; Emission-Computed Cerebellum; Stimulation; Support, Brain Net; Occipital Reaction Tomography, Variance; Reading; U.S. Analysis P.H.S.; Nerve Lobe; Time; Female; The computation of speech codes (i.e. phonology) is an important aspect of word reading. Understanding the neural systems and mech- anisms underlying phonological processes provides a foundation for the investigation of language in the brain. We used high-resolution three-dimensional positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate neural systems essential for phonological processes. The burden of neural activities on the computation of speech codes was maximized by three rhyming tasks (rhyming words, pseudowords and words printed in mixed letter cases). Brain activation patterns associated with these tasks were compared with those of two baseline tasks involving visual feature detection. Results suggest strong left lateralized epicenters of neural activity in rhyming irrespective of gender. Word rhyming activated the same brain regions engaged in pseudoword rhyming, suggesting conjoint neural networks for phonological processing of words and pseudowords. However, pseudoword rhyming induced the largest change in cerebral blood flow and activated more voxels in the left posterior prefrontal regions and the left inferior occipital-temporal junction. In addition, pseudoword rhyming activated the left supramarginal gyrus, which was not apparent in word rhyming. These results suggest that rhyming pseudowords requires active participation of extended neural systems and networks not observed for rhyming words. The implications of the results on theories and models of visual word reading and on selective reading dysfunctions after brain lesions are discussed.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/26c6a1f78af5ec19fe27fba9247218826/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Learning; Bees; Behavior Animals; Behavior, Social Animal; Flowers; <span style="color:#555555;">Bradley D <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Worden">Worden</a> und Daniel R <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Papaj">Papaj</a> </span><em>Biology Letters</em><em>1(4):504--507</em>(<em>2005</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Biology Letters4504--507Flower choice copying in bumblebees.12005Learning; Bees; Behavior Animals; Behavior, Social Animal; Flowers; We tested a hypothesis originating with Darwin that bees outside the nest exhibit social learning in flower choices. Naive bumblebees, Bombus impatiens, were allowed to observe trained bees or artificial bees forage from orange or green flowers. Subsequently, observers of bees on green flowers landed more often on green flowers than non-observing controls or observers of models on orange flowers. These results demonstrate that bumblebees can change flower choice by observations of non-nest mates, a novel form of social learning in insects that could provide unique benefits to the colony.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2817b256ba75e3bbbaf7acfceb4b3c817/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00imported <span style="color:#555555;"> <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> </span>(<em>2006</em>) <em>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Carlo_method&amp;oldid=67282465 . </em>Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Carlo_method&oldid=67282465}Monte Carlo method --- Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia2006imported http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b1cbb99d97312d4a9e0ca824c49ae61e/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00imported <span style="color:#555555;"> <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> </span>(<em>2006</em>) <em>http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baddeley%27s_Model_of_Working_Memory&amp;oldid=67628183 . </em>Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baddeley%27s_Model_of_Working_Memory&oldid=67628183}Baddeley's Model of Working Memory --- Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia2006imported http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e820bbcfd28b6f59deafee9ad1bd161e/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00imported <span style="color:#555555;">W. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Wickler">Wickler</a> </span><em>McGraw-Hill, New York, </em>(<em>1968</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Mimicry in plants and animals1968imported http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/23b6599a38fe6ea5b282618ae36557fb3/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Feeding Imitative Animals; Behavior, Social Animal; troglodytes; Learning; Behavior Cultural Evolution; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; <span style="color:#555555;">Andrew <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Whiten">Whiten</a> und Antoine <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Spiteri">Spiteri</a> und Victoria <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Horner">Horner</a> und Kristin E <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Bonnie">Bonnie</a> und Susan P <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Lambeth">Lambeth</a> und Steven J <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Schapiro">Schapiro</a> und Frans B M de <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Waal">Waal</a> </span><em>Current Biology</em><em>17(12):1038--1043</em>(<em>2007</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Current Biology121038--1043Transmission of multiple traditions within and between chimpanzee groups.172007Feeding Imitative Animals; Behavior, Social Animal; troglodytes; Learning; Behavior Cultural Evolution; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; Field reports provide increasing evidence for local behavioral traditions among fish, birds, and mammals. These findings are significant for evolutionary biology because social learning affords faster adaptation than genetic change and has generated new (cultural) forms of evolution. Orangutan and chimpanzee field studies suggest that like humans, these apes are distinctive among animals in each exhibiting over 30 local traditions. However, direct evidence is lacking in apes and, with the exception of vocal dialects, in animals generally for the intergroup transmission that would allow innovations to spread widely and become evolutionarily significant phenomena. Here, we provide robust experimental evidence that alternative foraging techniques seeded in different groups of chimpanzees spread differentially not only within groups but serially across two further groups with substantial fidelity. Combining these results with those from recent social-diffusion studies in two larger groups offers the first experimental evidence that a nonhuman species can sustain unique local cultures, each constituted by multiple traditions. The convergence of these results with those from the wild implies a richness in chimpanzees' capacity for culture, a richness that parsimony suggests was shared with our common ancestor.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2dbd06405d478e05ddbdab514de2cae0b/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Feeding Conformity; Factors Aging; Animals; Social troglodytes; Time Technology; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; <span style="color:#555555;">Andrew <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Whiten">Whiten</a> und Victoria <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Horner">Horner</a> und Frans B M de <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Waal">Waal</a> </span><em>Nature</em><em>437(7059):737--740</em>(<em>2005</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Nature7059737--740Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees.4372005Feeding Conformity; Factors Aging; Animals; Social troglodytes; Time Technology; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; Rich circumstantial evidence suggests that the extensive behavioural diversity recorded in wild great apes reflects a complexity of cultural variation unmatched by species other than our own. However, the capacity for cultural transmission assumed by this interpretation has remained difficult to test rigorously in the field, where the scope for controlled experimentation is limited. Here we show that experimentally introduced technologies will spread within different ape communities. Unobserved by group mates, we first trained a high-ranking female from each of two groups of captive chimpanzees to adopt one of two different tool-use techniques for obtaining food from the same 'Pan-pipe' apparatus, then re-introduced each female to her respective group. All but two of 32 chimpanzees mastered the new technique under the influence of their local expert, whereas none did so in a third population lacking an expert. Most chimpanzees adopted the method seeded in their group, and these traditions continued to diverge over time. A subset of chimpanzees that discovered the alternative method nevertheless went on to match the predominant approach of their companions, showing a conformity bias that is regarded as a hallmark of human culture.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/270099ce2957a7978a1435477c30f2091/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Wild; Imitative Animals; Behavior, Animal; Social troglodytes; Animals, Learning; Humans; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; Technology <span style="color:#555555;">Andrew <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Whiten">Whiten</a> </span><em>Nature</em><em>437(7055):52--55</em>(<em>2005</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Nature705552--55The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans.4372005Wild; Imitative Animals; Behavior, Animal; Social troglodytes; Animals, Learning; Humans; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; Technology Half a century of dedicated field research has brought us from ignorance of our closest relatives to the discovery that chimpanzee communities resemble human cultures in possessing suites of local traditions that uniquely identify them. The collaborative effort required to establish this picture parallels the one set up to sequence the chimpanzee genome, and has revealed a complex social inheritance system that complements the genetic picture we are now developing.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e200f951631da4dde1502560ad9ee15c/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00imported <span style="color:#555555;">H. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Whitebead">Whitebead</a> </span><em>Journal Of Theoretical Biology</em><em>245(2):341--350</em>(<em>2007</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Journal Of Theoretical Biology2341--350Learning, climate and the evolution of cultural capacity2452007imported Patterns of environmental variation influence the utility, and thus evolution, of different learning strategies. I use stochastic. individual-based evolutionary models to assess the relative advantages of 15 different learning strategies (genetic determination, individual learning, vertical social learning, horizontal/oblique social learning, and contingent combinations of these) when competing in variable environments described by I/f noise. When environmental variation has little effect on fitness, then genetic determinism persists. When environmental variation is large and equal over all time-scales ("white noise") then individual learning is adaptive. Social learning is advantageous in "red noise" environments when variation over long time-scales is large. Climatic variability increases with time-scale, so that short-lived organisms should be able to rely largely on genetic determination. Thermal climates usually are insufficiently red for social learning to be advantageous for species whose fitness is very determined by temperature. In contrast, population trajectories of many species, especially large mammals and aquatic carnivores, are sufficiently red to promote social learning in their predators. The ocean environment is generally redder than that on land. Thus, while individual learning should be adaptive for many longer-lived organisms, social learning will often be found in those dependent on the populations of other species, especially if they are marine. This provides a potential explanation for the evolution of a prevalence of social learning, and culture, in humans and cetaceans. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2715bc032dc39c0be8300050183d86919/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00imported <span style="color:#555555;">G. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Westerman">Westerman</a> und E. R. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Miranda">Miranda</a> </span><em>Brain and Language</em>(<em>2004</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Brain and Language393-400A New Model of Sensorimotor Coupling in the Development of Speech822004imported http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2fa8e2a9f5e3cebd294f7f10c7051ea95/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00imported <span style="color:#555555;">Stefan <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Wermter">Wermter</a> und Mark <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Elshaw">Elshaw</a> </span><em>Neural Netw</em><em>16(5-6):691--699</em>(<em>2003</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Neural Netw5-6691--699{L}earning robot actions based on self-organising language memory162003imported http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2a00a1339a6569343d7f71e63071376ef/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00imported <span style="color:#555555;">E. W. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Weisstein">Weisstein</a> </span>(<em>2006</em>) <em>From MathWorld,A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BellNumber.html . </em>Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007From MathWorld,A Wolfram Web Resource. \url{http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BellNumber.html}Bell Number2006imported http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/23e2efd7d93b8acf23210253b69325d23/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Robotics Neurosciences; Models, Invertebrates; Gryllidae; Animals; Biological; Behavior, Computer Simulation; Animal; <span style="color:#555555;">Barbara <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Webb">Webb</a> </span><em>Nature</em><em>417(6886):359--363</em>(<em>2002</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Nature6886359--363Robots in invertebrate neuroscience.4172002Robotics Neurosciences; Models, Invertebrates; Gryllidae; Animals; Biological; Behavior, Computer Simulation; Animal; Can we now build artificial animals? A combination of robot technology and neuroethological knowledge is enabling the development of realistic physical models of biological systems. And such systems are not only of interest to engineers. By exploring identified neural control circuits in the appropriate functional and environmental context, new insights are also provided to biologists.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22f828e1710a24d35d4ae8c3b74e3b494/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00imported <span style="color:#555555;">J. Y. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Wakano">Wakano</a> und K. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Aoki">Aoki</a> und M. W. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Feldman">Feldman</a> </span><em>Theoretical Population Biology</em><em>66(3):249--258</em>(<em>2004</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Theoretical Population Biology3249--258Evolution of social learning: a mathematical analysis662004imported Social learning is an important ability seen in a wide range of animals including humans. It has been argued that individual learning, social learning, and innate determination of behavior are favored by natural selection when environmental changes occur at short, intermediate, and long intervals, respectively. Only recently, however, has the hypothesis been examined by means of mathematical models. In this paper, we construct a simple model in which each organism uses one of three genetically determined strategies - it is an individual learner, a social learner or an "innate" - and the three types of organisms are in direct competition with each other. A reduced model, involving only the individual learners and innates, is effectively linear, and we show that by solving the eigenvalue problem of this reduced system we arrive at a good approximation to the global dynamics of the full model. We also study the effect of stochastic environmental changes and reversible mutations among the three strategies. Our results are consistent with the predictions of previous studies. In addition, we identify a critical level of environmental constancy below which only individual and social learners are present. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/285491c9ffd41977e6608539f7de40b2b/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00imported <span style="color:#555555;">J. Y. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Wakano">Wakano</a> und K. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Aoki">Aoki</a> </span><em>Theoretical Population Biology</em><em>70(4):486--497</em>(<em>2006</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Theoretical Population Biology4486--497A mixed strategy model for the emergence and intensification of social learning in a periodically changing natural environment702006imported Based on a population genetic model of mixed strategies determined by alleles of small effect, we derive conditions for the evolution of social learning in an infinite-state environment that changes periodically over time. Each mixed strategy is defined by the probabilities that an organism will commit itself to individual learning, social learning, or innate behavior. We identify the convergent stable strategies (CSS) by a numerical adaptive dynamics method and then check the evolutionary stability (ESS) of these strategies. A strategy that is simultaneously a CSS and an ESS is called an attractive ESS (AESS). For certain parameter sets, a bifurcation diagram shows that the pure individual learning strategy is the unique AESS for short periods of environmental change, a mixed learning strategy is the unique AESS for intermediate periods, and a mixed learning strategy (with a relatively large social learning component) and the pure innate strategy are both AESS's for long periods. This result entails that, once social learning emerges during a transient era of intermediate environmental periodicity, a subsequent elongation of the period may result in the intensification of social learning, rather than a return to innate behavior. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22678a4f9bbcf8d1dc72ec52b3a7aac58/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Non-U.S. Male; Oxygen; Adult; Laterality; Speech; Magnetic Humans; Auditory Image Fixation, Imaging; Research Computer-Assisted; Processing, Mapping; Adolescent; Support, Brain Net; Reading; Gov't; Resonance Perception Ocular; Nerve Visual Female; Perception; <span style="color:#555555;">M. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Vigneau">Vigneau</a> und G. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Jobard">Jobard</a> und B. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Mazoyer">Mazoyer</a> und N. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Tzourio-Mazoyer">Tzourio-Mazoyer</a> </span><em>Neuroimage</em>(<em>2005</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Neuroimage694--705Word and non-word reading: what role for the Visual Word Form Area?272005Non-U.S. Male; Oxygen; Adult; Laterality; Speech; Magnetic Humans; Auditory Image Fixation, Imaging; Research Computer-Assisted; Processing, Mapping; Adolescent; Support, Brain Net; Reading; Gov't; Resonance Perception Ocular; Nerve Visual Female; Perception; The putative role of the so-called Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) during reading remains under debate. For some authors, this region is specifically involved in a pre-lexical processing of words and pseudowords, whereas such specificity is challenged by others given the VWFA involvement during both non-word reading and word listening. Here, we further investigated this issue, measuring BOLD variations and their lateralization with fMRI during word and non-word reading, in order to evaluate the lexicality effect, and during reading and listening of words, in order to evaluate the impact of stimulus delivery modality on word processing networks. Region of interest (ROI) analysis was first performed in three target areas: 1-VWFA as defined by a meta-analysis of the word reading literature, 2-a middle temporal area (T2) found co-activated by both word reading and listening, 3-an inferior occipital area (OI) belonging to the unimodal visual cortex of the inferior occipital gyrus. VWFA activity was found not different between word and non-word reading but was more leftward lateralized during word reading due to a reduction of activity in the VWFA right counterpart. A similar larger leftward lateralization during word reading was also uncovered in the T2 ROI but was related to a larger left side activity. Such a lexicality effect was not observed in the OI ROI. By contrast, BOLD increases during listening were restricted to the left VWFA and T2 ROIs. Voxel-based analysis (SPM99) showed that semantic areas were more active during word than non-word reading and co-activated by both reading and listening, exhibiting a left lateralized activity in all tasks. These results indicate that the left VWFA would be the place where visual and verbal representations bind under the control of left semantic areas.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/299a39533d95634a72ba354e18a9ceba4/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Analysis; Cerebral Cluster Magnetic Language; Humans; Image Phonetics; Phonation; Semantics; Imaging; Cortex; Imaging, Computer-Assisted; Processing, Mapping; Brain Net; Short-Term; Three-Dimensional; Cerebral; Reading; Dominance, Perception Resonance Memory, Nerve Speech <span style="color:#555555;">M. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Vigneau">Vigneau</a> und V. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Beaucousin">Beaucousin</a> und P. Y. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Herv�">Herv&#65533;</a> und H. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Duffau">Duffau</a> und F. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Crivello">Crivello</a> und O. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Houd�">Houd&#65533;</a> und B. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Mazoyer">Mazoyer</a> und N. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Tzourio-Mazoyer">Tzourio-Mazoyer</a> </span><em>Neuroimage</em>(<em>2006</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Neuroimage1414--1432Meta-analyzing left hemisphere language areas: phonology, semantics, and sentence processing.302006Analysis; Cerebral Cluster Magnetic Language; Humans; Image Phonetics; Phonation; Semantics; Imaging; Cortex; Imaging, Computer-Assisted; Processing, Mapping; Brain Net; Short-Term; Three-Dimensional; Cerebral; Reading; Dominance, Perception Resonance Memory, Nerve Speech The advent of functional neuroimaging has allowed tremendous advances in our understanding of brain-language relationships, in addition to generating substantial empirical data on this subject in the form of thousands of activation peak coordinates reported in a decade of language studies. We performed a large-scale meta-analysis of this literature, aimed at defining the composition of the phonological, semantic, and sentence processing networks in the frontal, temporal, and inferior parietal regions of the left cerebral hemisphere. For each of these language components, activation peaks issued from relevant component-specific contrasts were submitted to a spatial clustering algorithm, which gathered activation peaks on the basis of their relative distance in the MNI space. From a sample of 730 activation peaks extracted from 129 scientific reports selected among 260, we isolated 30 activation clusters, defining the functional fields constituting three distributed networks of frontal and temporal areas and revealing the functional organization of the left hemisphere for language. The functional role of each activation cluster is discussed based on the nature of the tasks in which it was involved. This meta-analysis sheds light on several contemporary issues, notably on the fine-scale functional architecture of the inferior frontal gyrus for phonological and semantic processing, the evidence for an elementary audio-motor loop involved in both comprehension and production of syllables including the primary auditory areas and the motor mouth area, evidence of areas of overlap between phonological and semantic processing, in particular at the location of the selective human voice area that was the seat of partial overlap of the three language components, the evidence of a cortical area in the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus dedicated to syntactic processing and in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus a region selectively activated by sentence and text processing, and the hypothesis that different working memory perception-actions loops are identifiable for the different language components. These results argue for large-scale architecture networks rather than modular organization of language in the left hemisphere.