http://www.bibsonomy.org/burst/user/perceptron/Female;BibSonomy BuRST Feed for /user/perceptron/Female;2008-10-16T06:51:17+02:00http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2138a73ed0d25e0e92411b9889cf0cee7/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Prefrontal Male; Temporal Adult; Gov't, of Humans; Phonetics; Cortex; Research Photic Mapping; Emission-Computed Cerebellum; Stimulation; Support, Brain Net; Occipital Reaction Tomography, Variance; Reading; U.S. Analysis P.H.S.; Nerve Lobe; Time; Female; <span style="color:#555555;">B. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Xu">Xu</a> und J. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Grafman">Grafman</a> und W. D. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Gaillard">Gaillard</a> und K. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Ishii">Ishii</a> und F. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Vega-Bermudez">Vega-Bermudez</a> und P. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Pietrini">Pietrini</a> und P. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Reeves-Tyer">Reeves-Tyer</a> und P. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/DiCamillo">DiCamillo</a> und W. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Theodore">Theodore</a> </span><em>Cerebral Cortex</em>(<em>2001</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Cerebral Cortex267--277Conjoint and extended neural networks for the computation of speech codes: the neural basis of selective impairment in reading words and pseudowords.112001Prefrontal Male; Temporal Adult; Gov't, of Humans; Phonetics; Cortex; Research Photic Mapping; Emission-Computed Cerebellum; Stimulation; Support, Brain Net; Occipital Reaction Tomography, Variance; Reading; U.S. Analysis P.H.S.; Nerve Lobe; Time; Female; The computation of speech codes (i.e. phonology) is an important aspect of word reading. Understanding the neural systems and mech- anisms underlying phonological processes provides a foundation for the investigation of language in the brain. We used high-resolution three-dimensional positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate neural systems essential for phonological processes. The burden of neural activities on the computation of speech codes was maximized by three rhyming tasks (rhyming words, pseudowords and words printed in mixed letter cases). Brain activation patterns associated with these tasks were compared with those of two baseline tasks involving visual feature detection. Results suggest strong left lateralized epicenters of neural activity in rhyming irrespective of gender. Word rhyming activated the same brain regions engaged in pseudoword rhyming, suggesting conjoint neural networks for phonological processing of words and pseudowords. However, pseudoword rhyming induced the largest change in cerebral blood flow and activated more voxels in the left posterior prefrontal regions and the left inferior occipital-temporal junction. In addition, pseudoword rhyming activated the left supramarginal gyrus, which was not apparent in word rhyming. These results suggest that rhyming pseudowords requires active participation of extended neural systems and networks not observed for rhyming words. The implications of the results on theories and models of visual word reading and on selective reading dysfunctions after brain lesions are discussed.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/23b6599a38fe6ea5b282618ae36557fb3/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Feeding Imitative Animals; Behavior, Social Animal; troglodytes; Learning; Behavior Cultural Evolution; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; <span style="color:#555555;">Andrew <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Whiten">Whiten</a> und Antoine <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Spiteri">Spiteri</a> und Victoria <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Horner">Horner</a> und Kristin E <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Bonnie">Bonnie</a> und Susan P <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Lambeth">Lambeth</a> und Steven J <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Schapiro">Schapiro</a> und Frans B M de <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Waal">Waal</a> </span><em>Current Biology</em><em>17(12):1038--1043</em>(<em>2007</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Current Biology121038--1043Transmission of multiple traditions within and between chimpanzee groups.172007Feeding Imitative Animals; Behavior, Social Animal; troglodytes; Learning; Behavior Cultural Evolution; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; Field reports provide increasing evidence for local behavioral traditions among fish, birds, and mammals. These findings are significant for evolutionary biology because social learning affords faster adaptation than genetic change and has generated new (cultural) forms of evolution. Orangutan and chimpanzee field studies suggest that like humans, these apes are distinctive among animals in each exhibiting over 30 local traditions. However, direct evidence is lacking in apes and, with the exception of vocal dialects, in animals generally for the intergroup transmission that would allow innovations to spread widely and become evolutionarily significant phenomena. Here, we provide robust experimental evidence that alternative foraging techniques seeded in different groups of chimpanzees spread differentially not only within groups but serially across two further groups with substantial fidelity. Combining these results with those from recent social-diffusion studies in two larger groups offers the first experimental evidence that a nonhuman species can sustain unique local cultures, each constituted by multiple traditions. The convergence of these results with those from the wild implies a richness in chimpanzees' capacity for culture, a richness that parsimony suggests was shared with our common ancestor.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2dbd06405d478e05ddbdab514de2cae0b/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Feeding Conformity; Factors Aging; Animals; Social troglodytes; Time Technology; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; <span style="color:#555555;">Andrew <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Whiten">Whiten</a> und Victoria <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Horner">Horner</a> und Frans B M de <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Waal">Waal</a> </span><em>Nature</em><em>437(7059):737--740</em>(<em>2005</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Nature7059737--740Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees.4372005Feeding Conformity; Factors Aging; Animals; Social troglodytes; Time Technology; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; Rich circumstantial evidence suggests that the extensive behavioural diversity recorded in wild great apes reflects a complexity of cultural variation unmatched by species other than our own. However, the capacity for cultural transmission assumed by this interpretation has remained difficult to test rigorously in the field, where the scope for controlled experimentation is limited. Here we show that experimentally introduced technologies will spread within different ape communities. Unobserved by group mates, we first trained a high-ranking female from each of two groups of captive chimpanzees to adopt one of two different tool-use techniques for obtaining food from the same 'Pan-pipe' apparatus, then re-introduced each female to her respective group. All but two of 32 chimpanzees mastered the new technique under the influence of their local expert, whereas none did so in a third population lacking an expert. Most chimpanzees adopted the method seeded in their group, and these traditions continued to diverge over time. A subset of chimpanzees that discovered the alternative method nevertheless went on to match the predominant approach of their companions, showing a conformity bias that is regarded as a hallmark of human culture.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/270099ce2957a7978a1435477c30f2091/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Wild; Imitative Animals; Behavior, Animal; Social troglodytes; Animals, Learning; Humans; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; Technology <span style="color:#555555;">Andrew <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Whiten">Whiten</a> </span><em>Nature</em><em>437(7055):52--55</em>(<em>2005</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Nature705552--55The second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans.4372005Wild; Imitative Animals; Behavior, Animal; Social troglodytes; Animals, Learning; Humans; Pan Behavior; Culture; Female; Technology Half a century of dedicated field research has brought us from ignorance of our closest relatives to the discovery that chimpanzee communities resemble human cultures in possessing suites of local traditions that uniquely identify them. The collaborative effort required to establish this picture parallels the one set up to sequence the chimpanzee genome, and has revealed a complex social inheritance system that complements the genetic picture we are now developing.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22678a4f9bbcf8d1dc72ec52b3a7aac58/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Non-U.S. Male; Oxygen; Adult; Laterality; Speech; Magnetic Humans; Auditory Image Fixation, Imaging; Research Computer-Assisted; Processing, Mapping; Adolescent; Support, Brain Net; Reading; Gov't; Resonance Perception Ocular; Nerve Visual Female; Perception; <span style="color:#555555;">M. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Vigneau">Vigneau</a> und G. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Jobard">Jobard</a> und B. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Mazoyer">Mazoyer</a> und N. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Tzourio-Mazoyer">Tzourio-Mazoyer</a> </span><em>Neuroimage</em>(<em>2005</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Neuroimage694--705Word and non-word reading: what role for the Visual Word Form Area?272005Non-U.S. Male; Oxygen; Adult; Laterality; Speech; Magnetic Humans; Auditory Image Fixation, Imaging; Research Computer-Assisted; Processing, Mapping; Adolescent; Support, Brain Net; Reading; Gov't; Resonance Perception Ocular; Nerve Visual Female; Perception; The putative role of the so-called Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) during reading remains under debate. For some authors, this region is specifically involved in a pre-lexical processing of words and pseudowords, whereas such specificity is challenged by others given the VWFA involvement during both non-word reading and word listening. Here, we further investigated this issue, measuring BOLD variations and their lateralization with fMRI during word and non-word reading, in order to evaluate the lexicality effect, and during reading and listening of words, in order to evaluate the impact of stimulus delivery modality on word processing networks. Region of interest (ROI) analysis was first performed in three target areas: 1-VWFA as defined by a meta-analysis of the word reading literature, 2-a middle temporal area (T2) found co-activated by both word reading and listening, 3-an inferior occipital area (OI) belonging to the unimodal visual cortex of the inferior occipital gyrus. VWFA activity was found not different between word and non-word reading but was more leftward lateralized during word reading due to a reduction of activity in the VWFA right counterpart. A similar larger leftward lateralization during word reading was also uncovered in the T2 ROI but was related to a larger left side activity. Such a lexicality effect was not observed in the OI ROI. By contrast, BOLD increases during listening were restricted to the left VWFA and T2 ROIs. Voxel-based analysis (SPM99) showed that semantic areas were more active during word than non-word reading and co-activated by both reading and listening, exhibiting a left lateralized activity in all tasks. These results indicate that the left VWFA would be the place where visual and verbal representations bind under the control of left semantic areas.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27907b03a0bddb6d675b0ab3dd4e8d668/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Psychophysiologic; Animals; Strength; Recognition Male; (Psychology); Hand; nemestrina; Humans; Neurons; Habituation, Cortex; Somatosensory Macaca Stimulation; Motor Hand Performance; Psychological; Electric Activity; Movement; Models, Perception Psychomotor Neurological; Visual Female; <span style="color:#555555;">M. A. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Umilt\`{a}">Umilt`a</a> und E. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Kohler">Kohler</a> und V. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Gallese">Gallese</a> und L. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Fogassi">Fogassi</a> und L. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Fadiga">Fadiga</a> und C. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Keysers">Keysers</a> und G. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Rizzolatti">Rizzolatti</a> </span><em>Neuron</em><em>31(1):155--165</em>(<em>2001</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Neuron1155--165I know what you are doing. a neurophysiological study.312001Psychophysiologic; Animals; Strength; Recognition Male; (Psychology); Hand; nemestrina; Humans; Neurons; Habituation, Cortex; Somatosensory Macaca Stimulation; Motor Hand Performance; Psychological; Electric Activity; Movement; Models, Perception Psychomotor Neurological; Visual Female; In the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey, there are neurons that discharge both during the execution of hand actions and during the observation of the same actions made by others (mirror neurons). In the present study, we show that a subset of mirror neurons becomes active during action presentation and also when the final part of the action, crucial in triggering the response in full vision, is hidden and can therefore only be inferred. This implies that the motor representation of an action performed by others can be internally generated in the observer's premotor cortex, even when a visual description of the action is lacking. The present findings support the hypothesis that mirror neuron activation could be at the basis of action recognition.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22a95d9bb5786fcbcc71196e6f4490a78/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Statistical; Aged; Non-U.S. Temporal Male; Adult; Gov't, Magnetic Parietal Language; Humans; Brain; Imaging; Research Mapping; Middle Support, Brain Non-P.H.S.; Pathways; Reading; Gov't; U.S. Models, Writing Resonance P.H.S.; Lobe; Visual Female; <span style="color:#555555;">M. A. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Tagamets">Tagamets</a> und J. M. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Novick">Novick</a> und M. L. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Chalmers">Chalmers</a> und R. B. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Friedman">Friedman</a> </span><em>J Cogn Neurosci</em>(<em>2000</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007J Cogn Neurosci281--297A parametric approach to orthographic processing in the brain: an fMRI study.122000Statistical; Aged; Non-U.S. Temporal Male; Adult; Gov't, Magnetic Parietal Language; Humans; Brain; Imaging; Research Mapping; Middle Support, Brain Non-P.H.S.; Pathways; Reading; Gov't; U.S. Models, Writing Resonance P.H.S.; Lobe; Visual Female; Brain activation studies of orthographic stimuli typically start with the premise that different types of orthographic strings (e.g., words, pseudowords) differ from each other in discrete ways, which should be reflected in separate and distinct areas of brain activation. The present study starts from a different premise: Words, pseudowords, letterstrings, and false fonts vary systematically across a continuous dimension of familiarity to English readers. Using a one-back matching task to force encoding of the stimuli, the four types of stimuli were visually presented to healthy adult subjects while fMRI activations were obtained. Data analysis focused on parametric comparisons of fMRI activation sites. We did not find any region that was exclusively activated for real words. Rather, differences among these string types were mainly expressed as graded changes in the balance of activations among the regions. Our results suggest that there is a widespread network of brain regions that form a common network for the processing of all orthographic string types.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/278cbe2bbd712ce7f2c10c658c616903b/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Feeding Imitative (Psychology) Animals; Animal Communication; Environment; Performance; Male; Social Transfer Problem pygmaeus; Behavior; Psychomotor Species Specificity; Solving; Female; Pongo <span style="color:#555555;">Tara S <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Stoinski">Stoinski</a> und Andrew <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Whiten">Whiten</a> </span><em>Journal of Comparative Psychology</em><em>117(3):272--282</em>(<em>2003</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Journal of Comparative Psychology3272--282Social learning by orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) in a simulated food-processing task.1172003Feeding Imitative (Psychology) Animals; Animal Communication; Environment; Performance; Male; Social Transfer Problem pygmaeus; Behavior; Psychomotor Species Specificity; Solving; Female; Pongo Increasing evidence for behavioral differences between populations of primates has created a resurgence of interest in examining mechanisms of information transfer between individuals. The authors examined the social transmission of information in 15 captive orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) using a simulated food-processing task. Experimental subjects were shown 1 of 2 methods for removing a suite of defenses on an "artificial fruit." Control subjects were given no prior exposure before interacting with the fruit. Observing a model provided a functional advantage in the task, as significantly more experimental than control subjects opened the fruit. Within the experimental groups, the authors found a trend toward differences in the actual behaviors used to remove 1 of the defenses. Results support observations from the wild implying horizontal transfer of information in orangutans and show that a number of social learning processes are likely to be involved in the transfer of knowledge in this species.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/28dfaed046b5d1ff971a8f02e048294ff/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Non-U.S. Temporal Male; Gov't, Magnetic Tests; Humans; Imaging; Cortex; Research Neuropsychological Photic Potentials, Pathways Support, Stimulation; Performance; Net; Gov't; U.S. Resonance Visual; P.H.S.; Evoked Pattern Recognition, Nerve Psychomotor Lobe; Visual Female; <span style="color:#555555;">Mona <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Spiridon">Spiridon</a> und Nancy <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Kanwisher">Kanwisher</a> </span><em>Neuron</em>(<em>2002</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Neuron1157--1165How distributed is visual category information in human occipito-temporal cortex? An fMRI study.352002Non-U.S. Temporal Male; Gov't, Magnetic Tests; Humans; Imaging; Cortex; Research Neuropsychological Photic Potentials, Pathways Support, Stimulation; Performance; Net; Gov't; U.S. Resonance Visual; P.H.S.; Evoked Pattern Recognition, Nerve Psychomotor Lobe; Visual Female; We used fMRI to study the distribution of object category information in the ventral visual pathway. Extending the findings of, we find that categories of stimuli can be distinguished by the pattern of activation they elicit across this entire pathway, even when the stimuli within a category differ in viewpoint, exemplar, or image format. However, regions within the ventral visual pathway are neither interchangeable nor equipotential. Although the FFA and PPA permit excellent discrimination between preferred versus nonpreferred stimuli (e.g., faces-bottles and houses-bottles, respectively), we find that neither region alone permits accurate discrimination between pairs of nonpreferred stimuli (e.g., bottles-shoes). These findings indicate that the ventral visual pathway is not homogeneous, but contains some regions (including FFA and PPA) that are primarily involved in the analysis of a single class of stimulus.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f37cb7d1d3db0424cd279e1dd8bf69de/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Processing, Mapping; Stimulation Cerebral Brain Male; Adult; Magnetic Resonance Visual; Humans; Image Pattern Recognition, Cortex; Imaging; Photic Computer-Assisted; Female; <span style="color:#555555;">Mona <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Spiridon">Spiridon</a> und Bruce <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Fischl">Fischl</a> und Nancy <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Kanwisher">Kanwisher</a> </span><em>Human Brain Mapping</em>(<em>2006</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Human Brain Mapping77--89Location and spatial profile of category-specific regions in human extrastriate cortex.272006Processing, Mapping; Stimulation Cerebral Brain Male; Adult; Magnetic Resonance Visual; Humans; Image Pattern Recognition, Cortex; Imaging; Photic Computer-Assisted; Female; Subjects were scanned in a single functional MRI (fMRI) experiment that enabled us to localize cortical regions in each subject in the occipital and temporal lobes that responded significantly in a variety of contrasts: faces>objects, body parts>objects, scenes>objects, objects>scrambled objects, and moving>stationary stimuli. The resulting activation maps were co-registered across subjects using spherical surface coordinates [Fischl et al., Hum Brain Mapp 1999;8:272-284] to produce a "percentage overlap map" indicating the percentage of subjects who showed a significant response for each contrast at each point on the surface. Prominent among the overlapping activations in these contrasts were the fusiform face area (FFA), extrastriate body area (EBA), parahippocampal place area (PPA), lateral occipital complex (LOC), and MT+/V5; only a few other areas responded consistently across subjects in these contrasts. Another analysis showed that the spatial profile of the selective response drops off quite sharply outside the standard borders of the FFA and PPA (less so for the EBA and MT+/V5), indicating that these regions are not simply peaks of very broad selectivities spanning centimeters of cortex, but fairly discrete regions of cortex with distinctive functional profiles. The data also yielded a surprise that challenges our understanding of the function of area MT+: a higher response to body parts than to objects. The anatomical consistency of each of our functionally defined regions across subjects and the spatial sharpness of their activation profiles within subjects highlight the fact that these regions constitute replicable and distinctive landmarks in the functional organization of the human brain.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2d49637bc9c0e91f700076759f4470abd/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Grooming; Wild; Dominance; Animals; Environment; Survival Social; Hierarchy, Papio; Social Animals, Support; Reproduction; Kenya; Behavior; Female; Rate <span style="color:#555555;">Joan B <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Silk">Silk</a> und Susan C <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Alberts">Alberts</a> und Jeanne <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Altmann">Altmann</a> </span><em>Science</em><em>302(5648):1231--1234</em>(<em>2003</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Science56481231--1234Social bonds of female baboons enhance infant survival.3022003Grooming; Wild; Dominance; Animals; Environment; Survival Social; Hierarchy, Papio; Social Animals, Support; Reproduction; Kenya; Behavior; Female; Rate Among nonhuman primates, females often form strong bonds with kin and other group members. These relationships are thought to have adaptive value for females, but direct effects of sociality on fitness have never been demonstrated. We present 16 years of behavioral data from a well-studied population of wild baboons, which demonstrate that sociality of adult females is positively associated with infant survival, an important component of variation in female lifetime fitness. The effects of sociality on infant survival are independent of the effects of dominance rank, group membership, and environmental conditions. Our results are consistent with the evidence that social support has beneficial effects on human health and well-being across the life span. For humans and other primates, sociality has adaptive value.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2a29225d4988409480a6b239f8029f678/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Adolescent; Support, Lobe Non-U.S. Non-P.H.S.; Temporal Male; Adult; Laterality; Gov't, Reading; Gov't; Magnetic U.S. Resonance Visual; P.H.S.; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Research Imaging; Female; <span style="color:#555555;">Thad A <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Polk">Polk</a> und Matthew <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Stallcup">Stallcup</a> und Geoffrey K <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Aguirre">Aguirre</a> und David C <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Alsop">Alsop</a> und Mark <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/D&#039;Esposito">D'Esposito</a> und John A <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Detre">Detre</a> und Martha J <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Farah">Farah</a> </span><em>Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience</em>(<em>2002</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience145--159Neural specialization for letter recognition.142002Adolescent; Support, Lobe Non-U.S. Non-P.H.S.; Temporal Male; Adult; Laterality; Gov't, Reading; Gov't; Magnetic U.S. Resonance Visual; P.H.S.; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Research Imaging; Female; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to estimate neural activity while subjects viewed strings of consonants, digits, and shapes. An area on or near the left fusiform gyrus was found that responded significantly more to letters than digits. Similar results were obtained when consonants were used whose visual features were matched with the digits and when an active matching task was used, suggesting that the results cannot be easily attributed to artifacts of the stimuli or task. These results demonstrate that neural specialization in the human brain can extend to a category of stimuli that is culturally defined and that is acquired many years postnatally.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/242e9e0b9ad87f68c76f3d2e7db03cde0/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Verbal Aged; Non-U.S. Male; Adult; Decision Humans; Image Research Imaging, Computer-Assisted; Potentials, Processing, Learning Mapping; Middle Support, Brain Short-Term; Magnetics; Three-Dimensional; Cerebral; Reading; Magnetoencephalography; Gov't; Making; Dominance, Visual; Evoked Memory, Pattern Recognition, Female; <span style="color:#555555;">Kristen <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Pammer">Pammer</a> und Peter C <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Hansen">Hansen</a> und Morten L <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Kringelbach">Kringelbach</a> und Ian <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Holliday">Holliday</a> und Gareth <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Barnes">Barnes</a> und Arjan <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Hillebrand">Hillebrand</a> und Krish D <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Singh">Singh</a> und Piers L <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Cornelissen">Cornelissen</a> </span><em>Neuroimage</em>(<em>2004</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Neuroimage1819--1825Visual word recognition: the first half second.222004Verbal Aged; Non-U.S. Male; Adult; Decision Humans; Image Research Imaging, Computer-Assisted; Potentials, Processing, Learning Mapping; Middle Support, Brain Short-Term; Magnetics; Three-Dimensional; Cerebral; Reading; Magnetoencephalography; Gov't; Making; Dominance, Visual; Evoked Memory, Pattern Recognition, Female; We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to map the spatiotemporal evolution of cortical activity for visual word recognition. We show that for five-letter words, activity in the left hemisphere (LH) fusiform gyrus expands systematically in both the posterior-anterior and medial-lateral directions over the course of the first 500 ms after stimulus presentation. Contrary to what would be expected from cognitive models and hemodynamic studies, the component of this activity that spatially coincides with the visual word form area (VWFA) is not active until around 200 ms post-stimulus, and critically, this activity is preceded by and co-active with activity in parts of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, BA44/6). The spread of activity in the VWFA for words does not appear in isolation but is co-active in parallel with spread of activity in anterior middle temporal gyrus (aMTG, BA 21 and 38), posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG, BA37/39), and IFG.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2dc97cdeaf35983d8cba8e8484519e099/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Analysis; Male; Adult; of Magnetic Potentials; Algorithms; Humans; Image Imaging; Electroencephalography; Computer-Assisted; Processing, Reaction Least-Squares Variance; Magnetoencephalography; Positron-Emission Resonance Analysis Evoked Reproducibility Tomography; Results Female; Time; <span style="color:#555555;">Anthony Randal <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/McIntosh">McIntosh</a> und Nancy J <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Lobaugh">Lobaugh</a> </span><em>Neuroimage</em>(<em>2004</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007NeuroimageS250--S263Partial least squares analysis of neuroimaging data: applications and advances.23 Suppl 12004Analysis; Male; Adult; of Magnetic Potentials; Algorithms; Humans; Image Imaging; Electroencephalography; Computer-Assisted; Processing, Reaction Least-Squares Variance; Magnetoencephalography; Positron-Emission Resonance Analysis Evoked Reproducibility Tomography; Results Female; Time; Partial least squares (PLS) analysis has been used to characterize distributed signals measured by neuroimaging methods like positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), event-related potentials (ERP) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). In the application to PET, it has been used to extract activity patterns differentiating cognitive tasks, patterns relating distributed activity to behavior, and to describe large-scale interregional interactions or functional connections. This paper reviews the more recent extension of PLS to the analysis of spatiotemporal patterns present in fMRI, ERP, and MEG data. We present a basic mathematical description of PLS and discuss the statistical assessment using permutation testing and bootstrap resampling. These two resampling methods provide complementary information of the statistical strength of the extracted activity patterns (permutation test) and the reliability of regional contributions to the patterns (bootstrap resampling). Simulated ERP data are used to guide the basic interpretation of spatiotemporal PLS results, and examples from empirical ERP and fMRI data sets are used for further illustration. We conclude with a discussion of some caveats in the use of PLS, including nonlinearities, nonorthogonality, and interpretation difficulties. We further discuss its role as an important tool in a pluralistic analytic approach to neuroimaging.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2a7e22d7b575f51b5554e073144a670a2/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Mapping; Middle Aged; Support, Stimulation; Non-U.S. Brain Male; Adult; Retina; Fields; Gov't; Magnetic Algorithms; Resonance Perception Humans; Research Cortex; Imaging; Photic Visual Female; <span style="color:#555555;">I. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Levy">Levy</a> und U. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Hasson">Hasson</a> und G. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Avidan">Avidan</a> und T. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Hendler">Hendler</a> und R. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Malach">Malach</a> </span><em>Nature Neuroscience</em>(<em>2001</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Nature Neuroscience533--539Center-periphery organization of human object areas.42001Mapping; Middle Aged; Support, Stimulation; Non-U.S. Brain Male; Adult; Retina; Fields; Gov't; Magnetic Algorithms; Resonance Perception Humans; Research Cortex; Imaging; Photic Visual Female; The organizing principles that govern the layout of human object-related areas are largely unknown. Here we propose a new organizing principle in which object representations are arranged according to a central versus peripheral visual field bias. The proposal is based on the finding that building-related regions overlap periphery-biased visual field representations, whereas face-related regions are associated with center-biased representations. Furthermore, the eccentricity maps encompass essentially the entire extent of object-related occipito-temporal cortex, indicating that most object representations are organized with respect to retinal eccentricity. A control experiment ruled out the possibility that the results are due exclusively to unequal feature distribution in these images. We hypothesize that brain regions representing object categories that rely on detailed central scrutiny (such as faces) are more strongly associated with processing of central information, compared to representations of objects that may be recognized by more peripheral information (such as buildings or scenes).http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21bb7cdc61dab8e74bc3648d81083d41d/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Databases, Non-U.S. Factual; Male; Adult; Magnetic Humans; Image Fixation, Imaging; Research Photic Computer-Assisted; Gov't Processing, Adolescent; Stimulation; Support, Performance; Interpretation, Reading; Resonance Ocular; Psychomotor Female; <span style="color:#555555;">Martin <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Kronbichler">Kronbichler</a> und Florian <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Hutzler">Hutzler</a> und Heinz <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Wimmer">Wimmer</a> und Alois <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Mair">Mair</a> und Wolfgang <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Staffen">Staffen</a> und Gunther <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Ladurner">Ladurner</a> </span><em>Neuroimage</em>(<em>2004</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Neuroimage946--953The visual word form area and the frequency with which words are encountered: evidence from a parametric fMRI study.212004Databases, Non-U.S. Factual; Male; Adult; Magnetic Humans; Image Fixation, Imaging; Research Photic Computer-Assisted; Gov't Processing, Adolescent; Stimulation; Support, Performance; Interpretation, Reading; Resonance Ocular; Psychomotor Female; Cohen and Dehaene et al. proposed that the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) in the left midfusiform gyrus, contrary to its name, is limited to the extraction of an abstract letter string and not involved in proper visual word recognition. We examined this prelexical function of the VWFA by a parametric block design with five levels of written word frequency. The lowest level was represented by pseudowords and the highest level by words of very high frequency. Contrary to the assumed prelexical function of the VWFA, increasing frequency was associated with decreasing brain activation in a large posterior cluster of the left hemisphere including middle and posterior fusiform regions. The same negative relation between frequency and activation was found in several left frontal clusters. The relation of increasing frequency and decreasing activation in occipitotemporal regions corresponds to a similar relation in the same brain regions found by studies which experimentally manipulated object or face familiarity. This convergence suggests that fusiform regions are specialized for extracting and storing abstract patterns when processing visual objects and these patterns serve as recognition units in subsequent encounters with the same objects.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2a2296f52cd8ebbc6a111b99c6915628b/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Feeding Dolphins; Models, Cooperative Animals; Male; Behavior; Female; Genetic <span style="color:#555555;">Michael <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Kr\&#034;{u}tzen">Kr&#252;tzen</a> und Janet <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Mann">Mann</a> und Michael R <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Heithaus">Heithaus</a> und Richard C <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Connor">Connor</a> und Lars <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Bejder">Bejder</a> und William B <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Sherwin">Sherwin</a> </span><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em><em>102(25):8939--8943</em>(<em>2005</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America258939--8943Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins.1022005Feeding Dolphins; Models, Cooperative Animals; Male; Behavior; Female; Genetic In Shark Bay, wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) apparently use marine sponges as foraging tools. We demonstrate that genetic and ecological explanations for this behavior are inadequate; thus, "sponging" classifies as the first case of an existing material culture in a marine mammal species. Using mitochondrial DNA analyses, we show that sponging shows an almost exclusive vertical social transmission within a single matriline from mother to female offspring. Moreover, significant genetic relatedness among all adult spongers at the nuclear level indicates very recent coancestry, suggesting that all spongers are descendents of one recent "Sponging Eve." Unlike in apes, tool use in this population is almost exclusively limited to a single matriline that is part of a large albeit open social network of frequently interacting individuals, adding a new dimension to charting cultural phenomena among animals.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2315ff923c53951ed302dfa072b0fa0b2/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Manufactured Feeding Learning; Crows; Materials Animals; Behavior, Male; Behavior; Animal; Female; <span style="color:#555555;">Ben <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Kenward">Kenward</a> und Alex A S <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Weir">Weir</a> und Christian <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Rutz">Rutz</a> und Alex <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Kacelnik">Kacelnik</a> </span><em>Nature</em><em>433(7022):121</em>(<em>2005</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Nature7022121Behavioural ecology: tool manufacture by naive juvenile crows.4332005Manufactured Feeding Learning; Crows; Materials Animals; Behavior, Male; Behavior; Animal; Female; New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) are the most prolific avian tool-users. Regional variation in the shape of their tools may be the result of cumulative cultural evolution--a phenomenon considered to be a hallmark of human culture. Here we show that hand-raised juvenile New Caledonian crows spontaneously manufacture and use tools, without any contact with adults of their species or any prior demonstration by humans. Our finding is a crucial step towards producing informed models of cultural transmission in this species, and in animals in general.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f60dbb3b303e1ac42f022c73dd5c0e3c/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Mapping; Pathways Recognition Brain Temporal (Psychology); Male; Face; Magnetic Form Resonance Visual; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Imaging; Lobe; Visual Female; Perception; <span style="color:#555555;">J. V. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Haxby">Haxby</a> und M. I. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Gobbini">Gobbini</a> und M. L. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Furey">Furey</a> und A. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Ishai">Ishai</a> und J. L. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Schouten">Schouten</a> und P. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Pietrini">Pietrini</a> </span><em>Science</em>(<em>2001</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Science2425--2430Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex.2932001Mapping; Pathways Recognition Brain Temporal (Psychology); Male; Face; Magnetic Form Resonance Visual; Humans; Pattern Recognition, Imaging; Lobe; Visual Female; Perception; The functional architecture of the object vision pathway in the human brain was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure patterns of response in ventral temporal cortex while subjects viewed faces, cats, five categories of man-made objects, and nonsense pictures. A distinct pattern of response was found for each stimulus category. The distinctiveness of the response to a given category was not due simply to the regions that responded maximally to that category, because the category being viewed also could be identified on the basis of the pattern of response when those regions were excluded from the analysis. Patterns of response that discriminated among all categories were found even within cortical regions that responded maximally to only one category. These results indicate that the representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex are widely distributed and overlapping.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/29e33894223e4720de235eddcda09743f/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Middle Aged; Support, Non-U.S. Cerebral Male; Adult; Gov't; Magnetic Language; Resonance Perception Visual; Auditory Humans; Pattern Recognition, Research Cortex; Imaging; Visual Female; Perception; <span style="color:#555555;">Uri <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Hasson">Hasson</a> und Ifat <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Levy">Levy</a> und Marlene <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Behrmann">Behrmann</a> und Talma <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Hendler">Hendler</a> und Rafael <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Malach">Malach</a> </span><em>Neuron</em>(<em>2002</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Neuron479--490Eccentricity bias as an organizing principle for human high-order object areas.342002Middle Aged; Support, Non-U.S. Cerebral Male; Adult; Gov't; Magnetic Language; Resonance Perception Visual; Auditory Humans; Pattern Recognition, Research Cortex; Imaging; Visual Female; Perception; We have recently proposed a center-periphery organization based on resolution needs, in which objects engaging in recognition processes requiring central-vision (e.g., face-related) are associated with center-biased representations, while objects requiring large-scale feature integration (e.g., buildings) are associated with periphery-biased representations. Here we tested this hypothesis by comparing the center-periphery organization with activations to five object categories: faces, buildings, tools, letter strings, and words. We found that faces, letter strings, and words were mapped preferentially within the center-biased representation. Faces showed a hemispheric lateralization opposite to that of letter strings and words. In contrast, buildings were mapped mainly to the periphery-biased representation, while tools activated both central and peripheral representations. The results are compatible with the notion that center-periphery organization allows the optimal allocation of cortical magnification to the specific requirements of various recognition processes.