http://www.bibsonomy.org/burst/user/perceptron/Time;BibSonomy BuRST Feed for /user/perceptron/Time;2008-08-21T11:54:12+02:00http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2138a73ed0d25e0e92411b9889cf0cee7/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Lobe; Stimulation; Variance; Female; Prefrontal Research Nerve Net; Support, Gov't, Reaction Brain Occipital of Mapping; Analysis Male; Humans; Tomography, Photic Temporal Time; Adult; Phonetics; U.S. Cortex; Cerebellum; Reading; P.H.S.; Emission-Computed <span style="color:#555555;">B. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Xu">Xu</a> and J. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Grafman">Grafman</a> and W. D. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Gaillard">Gaillard</a> and K. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Ishii">Ishii</a> and F. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Vega-Bermudez">Vega-Bermudez</a> and P. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Pietrini">Pietrini</a> and P. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Reeves-Tyer">Reeves-Tyer</a> and P. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/DiCamillo">DiCamillo</a> and W. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Theodore">Theodore</a> </span><em>Cerebral Cortex</em>(<em>2001</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Cerebral Cortex267--277Conjoint and extended neural networks for the computation of speech codes: the neural basis of selective impairment in reading words and pseudowords.112001Lobe; Stimulation; Variance; Female; Prefrontal Research Nerve Net; Support, Gov't, Reaction Brain Occipital of Mapping; Analysis Male; Humans; Tomography, Photic Temporal Time; Adult; Phonetics; U.S. Cortex; Cerebellum; Reading; P.H.S.; Emission-Computed The computation of speech codes (i.e. phonology) is an important aspect of word reading. Understanding the neural systems and mech- anisms underlying phonological processes provides a foundation for the investigation of language in the brain. We used high-resolution three-dimensional positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate neural systems essential for phonological processes. The burden of neural activities on the computation of speech codes was maximized by three rhyming tasks (rhyming words, pseudowords and words printed in mixed letter cases). Brain activation patterns associated with these tasks were compared with those of two baseline tasks involving visual feature detection. Results suggest strong left lateralized epicenters of neural activity in rhyming irrespective of gender. Word rhyming activated the same brain regions engaged in pseudoword rhyming, suggesting conjoint neural networks for phonological processing of words and pseudowords. However, pseudoword rhyming induced the largest change in cerebral blood flow and activated more voxels in the left posterior prefrontal regions and the left inferior occipital-temporal junction. In addition, pseudoword rhyming activated the left supramarginal gyrus, which was not apparent in word rhyming. These results suggest that rhyming pseudowords requires active participation of extended neural systems and networks not observed for rhyming words. The implications of the results on theories and models of visual word reading and on selective reading dysfunctions after brain lesions are discussed.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2e50ae85e23dd7cb754c45d4f92aa5729/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Psychomotor Pattern Verbal Reaction Occipital Frontal Imaging; Neurons; Time; Tests; Humans; Lobe; Temporal Cerebral Plasticity; Neuronal Resonance Cortex; Neuropsychological Recognition, Visual; Performance; Behavior Magnetic <span style="color:#555555;">M. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/van Turennout">van Turennout</a> and T. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Ellmore">Ellmore</a> and A. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Martin">Martin</a> </span><em>Nature Neuroscience</em>(<em>2000</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Nature Neuroscience1329--1334Long-lasting cortical plasticity in the object naming system.32000Psychomotor Pattern Verbal Reaction Occipital Frontal Imaging; Neurons; Time; Tests; Humans; Lobe; Temporal Cerebral Plasticity; Neuronal Resonance Cortex; Neuropsychological Recognition, Visual; Performance; Behavior Magnetic A single exposure to an object can produce long-lasting behavioral change. Here, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we provide evidence for long-lasting changes in cortical activity associated with perceiving and naming objects. In posterior regions, we observed an immediate (30-second) and long-lasting (3-day) decrease in neural activity after brief (200-ms) exposure to nameable and nonsense objects. In addition, slower-developing decreases in left inferior frontal activity were observed concurrently with increases in left insula activity, only for nameable objects. These time-dependent cortical changes may reflect two distinct learning mechanisms: the formation of sparser, yet more object-form-specific, representations in posterior regions, and experience-induced reorganization of the brain circuitry underlying lexical retrieval in anterior regions.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2da374209ea85dff5191e9c776c22cd37/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Tomography, Stimulation; Culture; Research Adult; Frontal England; Humans; Mapping; Non-U.S. Time; Speech; Italy; Lobe; Temporal Photic Reading; Gov't; Brain Linguistics; Emission-Computed Support, Reaction <span style="color:#555555;">E. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Paulesu">Paulesu</a> and E. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/McCrory">McCrory</a> and F. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Fazio">Fazio</a> and L. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Menoncello">Menoncello</a> and N. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Brunswick">Brunswick</a> and S. F. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Cappa">Cappa</a> and M. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Cotelli">Cotelli</a> and G. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Cossu">Cossu</a> and F. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Corte">Corte</a> and M. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Lorusso">Lorusso</a> and S. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Pesenti">Pesenti</a> and A. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Gallagher">Gallagher</a> and D. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Perani">Perani</a> and C. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Price">Price</a> and C. D. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Frith">Frith</a> and U. <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Frith">Frith</a> </span><em>Nature Neuroscience</em>(<em>2000</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Nature Neuroscience91--96A cultural effect on brain function.32000Tomography, Stimulation; Culture; Research Adult; Frontal England; Humans; Mapping; Non-U.S. Time; Speech; Italy; Lobe; Temporal Photic Reading; Gov't; Brain Linguistics; Emission-Computed Support, Reaction We present behavioral and anatomical evidence for a multi-component reading system in which different components are differentially weighted depending on culture-specific demands of orthography. Italian orthography is consistent, enabling reliable conversion of graphemes to phonemes to yield correct pronunciation of the word. English orthography is inconsistent, complicating mapping of letters to word sounds. In behavioral studies, Italian students showed faster word and non-word reading than English students. In two PET studies, Italians showed greater activation in left superior temporal regions associated with phoneme processing. In contrast, English readers showed greater activations, particularly for non-words, in left posterior inferior temporal gyrus and anterior inferior frontal gyrus, areas associated with word retrieval during both reading and naming tasks.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2dc97cdeaf35983d8cba8e8484519e099/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Electroencephalography; Least-Squares Analysis Computer-Assisted; Potentials; Algorithms; Humans; of Reproducibility Male; Reaction Image Magnetic Processing, Time; Tomography; Magnetoencephalography; Results Evoked Adult; Analysis; Resonance Variance; Imaging; Female; Positron-Emission <span style="color:#555555;">Anthony Randal <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/McIntosh">McIntosh</a> and Nancy J <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Lobaugh">Lobaugh</a> </span><em>Neuroimage</em>(<em>2004</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007NeuroimageS250--S263Partial least squares analysis of neuroimaging data: applications and advances.23 Suppl 12004Electroencephalography; Least-Squares Analysis Computer-Assisted; Potentials; Algorithms; Humans; of Reproducibility Male; Reaction Image Magnetic Processing, Time; Tomography; Magnetoencephalography; Results Evoked Adult; Analysis; Resonance Variance; Imaging; Female; Positron-Emission Partial least squares (PLS) analysis has been used to characterize distributed signals measured by neuroimaging methods like positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), event-related potentials (ERP) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). In the application to PET, it has been used to extract activity patterns differentiating cognitive tasks, patterns relating distributed activity to behavior, and to describe large-scale interregional interactions or functional connections. This paper reviews the more recent extension of PLS to the analysis of spatiotemporal patterns present in fMRI, ERP, and MEG data. We present a basic mathematical description of PLS and discuss the statistical assessment using permutation testing and bootstrap resampling. These two resampling methods provide complementary information of the statistical strength of the extracted activity patterns (permutation test) and the reliability of regional contributions to the patterns (bootstrap resampling). Simulated ERP data are used to guide the basic interpretation of spatiotemporal PLS results, and examples from empirical ERP and fMRI data sets are used for further illustration. We conclude with a discussion of some caveats in the use of PLS, including nonlinearities, nonorthogonality, and interpretation difficulties. We further discuss its role as an important tool in a pluralistic analytic approach to neuroimaging.http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2c96744e32224c7c9d1f1e47dcb344648/perceptronperceptron2007-12-16T20:00:22+01:00Image Non-U.S. Resonance Cortex; Time; Reaction Perception Humans; Imaging; Adult; Computer-Assisted; Male; Processing, Magnetic Gov't; Reading; Support, Cerebral Female; Research Speech <span style="color:#555555;">Stanislas <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Dehaene">Dehaene</a> and Gurvan Le <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Clec&#039;H">Clec'H</a> and Jean-Baptiste <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Poline">Poline</a> and Denis Le <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Bihan">Bihan</a> and Laurent <a href="http://www.bibsonomy.org/author/Cohen">Cohen</a> </span><em>Neuroreport</em>(<em>2002</em>)Sun Dec 16 20:00:22 CET 2007Neuroreport321--325The visual word form area: a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus.132002Image Non-U.S. Resonance Cortex; Time; Reaction Perception Humans; Imaging; Adult; Computer-Assisted; Male; Processing, Magnetic Gov't; Reading; Support, Cerebral Female; Research Speech Event-related fMRI was used to test the hypothesis that the visual word form area in the left fusiform gyrus holds a modality-specific and prelexical representation of visual words. Subjects were engaged in a repetition-detection task on pairs of words or pronounceable pseudo-words that could be written or spoken. The visual word form area responded only to written stimuli, not to spoken stimuli, independently of their semantic content. We propose that the occasional activation of the fusiform gyrus when listening to spoken words is due to the topdown recruitment of visual orthographic or object representations.