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<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:taxo="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/taxonomy/" xmlns:burst="http://xmlns.com/burst/0.1/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/" xmlns:admin="http://webns.net/mvcb/" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:syn="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/" xmlns:swrc="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#" xmlns:cc="http://web.resource.org/cc/"><channel rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/user/yish/formative"><title>BibSonomy publications for /user/yish/formative</title><link>BibSonomyburst/user/yish/formative</link><description>BibSonomy RSS feed for /user/yish/formative</description><dc:date>2012-02-16T14:18:53+01:00</dc:date><items><rdf:Seq><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21b1e9f0a2bd377cb73128796e8644a58/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b9236fd82fe60d5cbac1aa340221c566/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27542356db18170d22f5cb8bc4d3bca60/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/28d2db10cf4e2b7566ba0b522ce8124d2/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2d956ef57250671efb80c191102c09e04/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/282060cd81cc655d4ffdc2bfb3e1b0e05/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/214bc41bc44fe0540c5602057e7407a8d/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/26d94bcff87a9842d14c929d100c2ad8a/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f38605320829fa580a63b939f771a15a/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2207ea774acca3d0164dc5d9295921513/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/25910f4b7537ac371b878aa1df8388199/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2acf3ddd79e7e64bfccfdce019a6f416d/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2768cf71072c441084cbdd572e3acd939/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22037562090b6bf6ef2e49e3dfcb5b3f1/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/236b211057da958faeb62defb9cbfa7bc/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22484dd124285ecd397ccd0bf01362c97/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/211148527297e01bc3c665dcf1aacc859/yish"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f7ebd9789b7cdb6e037c18e8d1448669/yish"/></rdf:Seq></items></channel><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21b1e9f0a2bd377cb73128796e8644a58/yish"><title>Activating Assessment for Learning: Are we on the way with WEB 2.0?</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21b1e9f0a2bd377cb73128796e8644a58/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2011-06-11T13:06:27+02:00</dc:date><dc:subject>TEL Web2.0 accreditation assessment assessment2.0 asynchronous casestudies collaboration collaborative communication communications computer-assisted computer-mediated constructivism discussion distance e-assessment education educational evaluations formative implementation interactions learning pedagogy research summative technologies technology undergraduate web-based web-delivered </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Whitelock&#034;&gt;Denise Whitelock&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Web 2.0-Based-E-Learning: Applying Social Informatics for Tertiary Teaching, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;IGI Global, &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;2010&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/TEL"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/Web2.0"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/accreditation"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assessment2.0"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/asynchronous"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/casestudies"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/collaboration"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/collaborative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/communication"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/communications"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/computer-assisted"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/computer-mediated"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/constructivism"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/discussion"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/distance"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/e-assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/education"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/educational"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/evaluations"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/implementation"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/interactions"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/pedagogy"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/research"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/summative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/technologies"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/technology"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/undergraduate"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/web-based"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/web-delivered"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21b1e9f0a2bd377cb73128796e8644a58/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/21b1e9f0a2bd377cb73128796e8644a58/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InCollection"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://oro.open.ac.uk/19706/"/><swrc:date>Sat Jun 11 13:06:27 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:booktitle>Web 2.0-Based-E-Learning: Applying Social Informatics for Tertiary Teaching</swrc:booktitle><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="IGI Global"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>Activating Assessment for Learning: Are we on the way with WEB 2.0?</swrc:title><swrc:year>2010</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>TEL Web2.0 accreditation assessment assessment2.0 asynchronous casestudies collaboration collaborative communication communications computer-assisted computer-mediated constructivism discussion distance e-assessment education educational evaluations formative implementation interactions learning pedagogy research summative technologies technology undergraduate web-based web-delivered </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>This chapter examines the role Web 2.0 tools can play in promoting the Assessment for Learning Agenda. It presents a number of cases of peer, self and computer assessments that display a range of characteristics proposed by Elliott (2008) for the next generation of assessment tasks. The discussion of the cases revealed a missing characteristic which is a form of feedback to the students that will take their learning forward which I have called &#039;Advice for Action&#039;. In order for assessment tasks and tools to become more effective they need to be embedded within a pedagogical framework, which in turn, requires a supportive infrastructure as proposed by the 4Ts pyramid. The major components of the pyramid consist of (a) Tool Development, (b) Staff Training, (c) Rethinking the Assessment Tasks and (d) Learning from the Assessment Tasks.</swrc:abstract><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Denise Whitelock"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:author><swrc:editor><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="M. J. W. Lee"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="C McLoughlin"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:editor></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b9236fd82fe60d5cbac1aa340221c566/yish"><title>Scoping a vision for formative e-assessment: a project report for JISC</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b9236fd82fe60d5cbac1aa340221c566/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2011-02-04T12:21:08+01:00</dc:date><dc:subject>JISC assessment design designpatterns education elearning feasstpatterns formative haifa-edtech my myown patternlanguagenetwork patterns wleformativeeassessment </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Pachler&#034;&gt;Norbert Pachler&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Mellar&#034;&gt;Harvey Mellar&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Daly&#034;&gt;Caroline Daly&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Mor&#034;&gt;Yishay Mor&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Wiliam&#034;&gt;Dylan Wiliam&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Laurillard&#034;&gt;Diana Laurillard&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Institute of Education, WLE, &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;2009&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/JISC"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/design"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/designpatterns"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/education"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/elearning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/feasstpatterns"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/haifa-edtech"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/my"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/myown"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/patternlanguagenetwork"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/patterns"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/wleformativeeassessment"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b9236fd82fe60d5cbac1aa340221c566/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2b9236fd82fe60d5cbac1aa340221c566/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#TechnicalReport"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://telearn.noe-kaleidoscope.org/open-archive/browse?resource=1875"/><swrc:date>Fri Feb 04 12:21:08 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:howpublished>Project Report</swrc:howpublished><swrc:institution><swrc:Organization swrc:name="Institute of Education, WLE"/></swrc:institution><swrc:title>Scoping a vision for formative e-assessment: a project report for JISC </swrc:title><swrc:year>2009</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>JISC assessment design designpatterns education elearning feasstpatterns formative haifa-edtech my myown patternlanguagenetwork patterns wleformativeeassessment </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>Assessment is an integral part of teaching and learning. If the relationship between teaching and learning were causal, i. e. if students always mastered the intended learning outcomes of a particular sequence of instruction, assessment would be superfluous. Experience and research suggest this is not the case: what is learnt can often be quite different from what is taught. Formative assessment is motivated by a concern with the elicitation of relevant information about student understanding and / or achievement, its interpretation and an exploration of how it can lead to actions that result in better learning. In the context of a policy drive towards technology-enhanced approaches to teaching and learning, the question of the role of digital technologies is key and it is the latter on which this project particularly focuses. The project and its deliverables have been informed by recent and relevant literature, in particular recent work by Black andIn this work, they put forward a framework which suggests that assessment for learning their term for formative assessment can be conceptualised as consisting of a number of aspects and five keystrategies. The key aspects revolve around the where the learner is going, where the learner is right now and how she can get there and examines the role played by the teacher, peers and the learner. Language: English Keywords: assessments, case studies, design patterns, e-assessment</swrc:abstract><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Norbert Pachler"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Harvey Mellar"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Caroline Daly"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Yishay Mor"/></rdf:_4><rdf:_5><swrc:Person swrc:name="Dylan Wiliam"/></rdf:_5><rdf:_6><swrc:Person swrc:name="Diana Laurillard"/></rdf:_6></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication><description>Telearn</description></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27542356db18170d22f5cb8bc4d3bca60/yish"><title>Formative e-assessment: practitioner cases</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27542356db18170d22f5cb8bc4d3bca60/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2011-02-04T12:17:51+01:00</dc:date><dc:subject>cases casestories como eLPBookMor eassessment feasst formative haifa-edtech learning my myown polonsky practitioner wleformativeeassessment </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Pachler&#034;&gt;Norbert Pachler&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Daly&#034;&gt;Caroline Daly&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Mor&#034;&gt;Yishay Mor&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Mellar&#034;&gt;Harvey Mellar&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Computers and Education&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;54(3):715-721&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;2010&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/cases"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/casestories"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/como"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/eLPBookMor"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/eassessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/feasst"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/haifa-edtech"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/my"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/myown"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/polonsky"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/practitioner"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/wleformativeeassessment"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27542356db18170d22f5cb8bc4d3bca60/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/27542356db18170d22f5cb8bc4d3bca60/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://telearn.noe-kaleidoscope.org/open-archive/browse?resource=2231"/><swrc:date>Fri Feb 04 12:17:51 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Computers and Education</swrc:journal><swrc:number>3</swrc:number><swrc:pages>715-721</swrc:pages><swrc:title>Formative e-assessment: practitioner cases</swrc:title><swrc:volume>54</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2010</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>cases casestories como eLPBookMor eassessment feasst formative haifa-edtech learning my myown polonsky practitioner wleformativeeassessment </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>This paper reports on one aspect of the Joint Information Systems Committee
(JISC)-funded project &#039;Scoping a vision of formative e-assessment&#039;, namely on cases
of formative e-assessment developed iteratively with the UK education practitioner
community. The project, which took place from June 2008 – January 2009, aimed to
identify current theories and practices relating to formative assessment of learning
where technologies play a key role. The project aimed to scope the &#039;domain&#039; of
formative e-assessment, by developing cases of practice and identifying key
formative processes within them, which are affected by the use of technologies.
From this analysis, patterns were extracted to inform future software design. A
discussion of the key issues emerging from the review of the literature on formative
e-assessment, a full account of the project methodology – the design pattern
methodology – as well as a critical discussion of the findings – namely the patterns
and the role of technology – are the focus of a separate paper (see Daly et al
(forthcoming). This paper documents how cases of formative e-assessment were
developed during the project by a collaborative methodology involving practitioners
from a range of post-16 education contexts. The cases were analysed with reference
to key theoretical perspectives on formative assessment, particularly the work of
Black and Wiliam (2009). In addition, Laurillard&#039;s Conversational Framework (2002,
2007) was used to locate practices of formative assessment within a wider concept
of learning and teaching involving technologies, although a detailed discussion of the
latter is not within the scope of this paper1.
</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="10.1016/j.compedu.2009.09.032" swrc:key="doi"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Norbert Pachler"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Caroline Daly"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Yishay Mor"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Harvey Mellar"/></rdf:_4></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/28d2db10cf4e2b7566ba0b522ce8124d2/yish"><title>Formative e-Assessment: case stories, design patterns and future scenarios</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/28d2db10cf4e2b7566ba0b522ce8124d2/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2011-02-04T12:13:19+01:00</dc:date><dc:subject>assessment case design designpatterns e-assessment feasst formative haifa-edtech my myown narrative patterns ppw </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Mor&#034;&gt;Yishay Mor&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Mellar&#034;&gt;Harvey Mellar&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Pachler&#034;&gt;Norbert Pachler&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Daly&#034;&gt;Caroline Daly&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Problems Investigations of E-Learning Patterns: Context Factors Solutions, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Information Science Publishing, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hershey, PA, &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;2011&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/case"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/design"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/designpatterns"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/e-assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/feasst"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/haifa-edtech"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/my"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/myown"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/narrative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/patterns"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/ppw"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/28d2db10cf4e2b7566ba0b522ce8124d2/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/28d2db10cf4e2b7566ba0b522ce8124d2/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InCollection"/><swrc:date>Fri Feb 04 12:13:19 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:address>Hershey, PA</swrc:address><swrc:booktitle>Problems Investigations of E-Learning Patterns: Context Factors Solutions</swrc:booktitle><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="Information Science Publishing"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>Formative e-Assessment: case stories, design patterns and future scenarios</swrc:title><swrc:year>2011</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>assessment case design designpatterns e-assessment feasst formative haifa-edtech my myown narrative patterns ppw </swrc:keywords><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Yishay Mor"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Harvey Mellar"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Norbert Pachler"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Caroline Daly"/></rdf:_4></rdf:Seq></swrc:author><swrc:editor><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Christian Kohls"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Joachim Wedekind"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:editor></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2d956ef57250671efb80c191102c09e04/yish"><title>Exploring formative e-assessment: Using case stories and design patterns</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2d956ef57250671efb80c191102c09e04/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2011-02-04T12:12:48+01:00</dc:date><dc:subject>assessment design designpatterns e-assessment education feasst formative haifa-edtech learning my myown patterns ppw technology </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Daly&#034;&gt;Caroline Daly&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Pachler&#034;&gt;Norbert Pachler&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Mor&#034;&gt;Yishay Mor&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Mellar&#034;&gt;Harvey Mellar&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Assessment &amp;amp; Evaluation in Higher Education&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;35(5):619 - 636&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;2010&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/design"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/designpatterns"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/e-assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/education"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/feasst"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/haifa-edtech"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/my"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/myown"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/patterns"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/ppw"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/technology"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2d956ef57250671efb80c191102c09e04/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2d956ef57250671efb80c191102c09e04/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;issn=0260%2d2938&amp;volume=35&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=619"/><swrc:date>Fri Feb 04 12:12:48 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Assessment &amp; Evaluation in Higher Education</swrc:journal><swrc:number>5</swrc:number><swrc:pages>619 - 636</swrc:pages><swrc:title>Exploring formative e-assessment: Using case stories and design patterns</swrc:title><swrc:volume>35</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2010</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>assessment design designpatterns e-assessment education feasst formative haifa-edtech learning my myown patterns ppw technology </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>This article presents key findings from a Joint Information Systems Committee-funded project, which aimed to identify existing practices where technologies contribute to formative assessment and identify processes that take place around formative assessment where technologies play a significant role. Using a design pattern methodology, the project developed a range of cases of formative e-assessment with practitioners across a variety of settings through a series of participant workshops. From a selection of these cases, we identified key elements in how practitioners described the problems and solutions they addressed regarding assessment in relation to learning within their different contexts. The patterns were analysed to highlight aspects of them, which are considered critical in theoretical analyses of formative assessment. We provide an overview of the project and discuss an illustrative case and pattern, followed by an analysis which suggests the particular contribution of technologies to formative assessment. Ultimately, for assessment to have formative effects, tutors and students can be identified as appropriating both social and technological resources in learning situations and engaging with both to learn how to take control over learning experiences.</swrc:abstract><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Caroline Daly"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Norbert Pachler"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Yishay Mor"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Harvey Mellar"/></rdf:_4></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/282060cd81cc655d4ffdc2bfb3e1b0e05/yish"><title>Feedback as dialogue: exploring the links between formative assessment and social software in distance learning</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/282060cd81cc655d4ffdc2bfb3e1b0e05/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2009-03-29T21:34:13+02:00</dc:date><dc:subject>assessment distance e-assessment education elearning feedback formative learning social software wleformativeeassessment </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Hatzipanagos&#034;&gt;Stylianos Hatzipanagos&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Warburton&#034;&gt;Steven Warburton&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Learning, Media and Technology&lt;/em&gt;  (&lt;em&gt;2009&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/distance"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/e-assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/education"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/elearning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/feedback"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/social"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/software"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/wleformativeeassessment"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/282060cd81cc655d4ffdc2bfb3e1b0e05/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/282060cd81cc655d4ffdc2bfb3e1b0e05/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/17439880902759919"/><swrc:date>Sun Mar 29 21:34:13 CEST 2009</swrc:date><swrc:address>Routledge</swrc:address><swrc:journal>Learning, Media and Technology</swrc:journal><swrc:pages>45 - 59</swrc:pages><swrc:series>1</swrc:series><swrc:title>Feedback as dialogue: exploring the links between formative assessment and social software in distance learning</swrc:title><swrc:volume>34</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2009</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>assessment distance e-assessment education elearning feedback formative learning social software wleformativeeassessment </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>The paper explores the relationship between formative assessment and social software. Formative assessment practices though beneficial for student learning become marginalised and constrained in open and distance learning environments in higher education. Feedback is a key factor in formative assessment and learners can benefit from the deployment of emerging technologies and the opportunities for participation and dialogue afforded by social software. This paper explores and proposes a conceptual framework for this relationship. The claim is that the social dimensions of emerging technologies - specifically, blogs and wikis - allow for formative assessment practices to be re-invented or at the very least facilitated by essentially participative and student-focussed interventions. A comparison of these technologies against formative assessment mechanisms identifies the types of processes that these new tools might best support to encourage effective feedback approaches that both empower the learner and enhance their learning experience.
Keywords: computer-assisted assessment; formative assessment; blogs; wikis; higher education </swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="1743-9884" swrc:key="issn"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Stylianos Hatzipanagos"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Steven Warburton"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/214bc41bc44fe0540c5602057e7407a8d/yish"><title>Using online annotations to support error correction and corrective feedback</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/214bc41bc44fe0540c5602057e7407a8d/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2009-01-29T18:55:53+01:00</dc:date><dc:subject>2L Distance Human–computer assessment eassessment education elearning formative interface language secondlanguage telelearning wleformativeeassessment </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Yeh&#034;&gt;Shiou-Wen Yeh&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Lo&#034;&gt;Jia-Jiunn Lo&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Computers &amp;amp; Education&lt;/em&gt;  (&lt;em&gt;2009&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/2L"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/Distance"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/Human–computer"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/eassessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/education"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/elearning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/interface"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/language"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/secondlanguage"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/telelearning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/wleformativeeassessment"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/214bc41bc44fe0540c5602057e7407a8d/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/214bc41bc44fe0540c5602057e7407a8d/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.12.014"/><swrc:date>Thu Jan 29 18:55:53 CET 2009</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Computers &amp; Education</swrc:journal><swrc:title>Using online annotations to support error correction and corrective feedback</swrc:title><swrc:volume>In Press</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2009</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>2L Distance Human–computer assessment eassessment education elearning formative interface language secondlanguage telelearning wleformativeeassessment </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>Giving feedback on second language (L2) writing is a challenging task. This research proposed an interactive environment for error correction and corrective feedback. First, we developed an online corrective feedback and error analysis system called Online Annotator for EFL Writing. The system consisted of five facilities: Document Maker, Annotation Editor, Composer, Error Analyzer, and Viewer. With this system, teachers can mark error corrections on online documents and students can receive corrective feedback accordingly. The system also classifies and displays error types based on user query. Second, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this system. Fifty EFL (English as a Foreign Language) college freshmen were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group received corrective feedback with the developed system whereas the control group used the paper-based error correction method. After the treatment, students in both groups conducted corrective feedback activities by correcting the same document written by an EFL student. The experimental results were encouraging in that the analysis of students’ corrective feedback revealed significantly better performance in the experimental group on recognizing writing errors. Implications for further research are discussed.</swrc:abstract><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Shiou-Wen Yeh"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Jia-Jiunn Lo"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/26d94bcff87a9842d14c929d100c2ad8a/yish"><title>Transforming assessment and feedback: enhancing integration and empowerment in the first year</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/26d94bcff87a9842d14c929d100c2ad8a/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2008-12-04T02:03:16+01:00</dc:date><dc:subject>assessment empowerment feedback formative review wleformativeeassessment </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Nicol&#034;&gt;David Nicol&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Published by the Scottish Quality Assurance Agency QAA for Higher Education, &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;2008&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/empowerment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/feedback"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/review"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/wleformativeeassessment"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/26d94bcff87a9842d14c929d100c2ad8a/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/26d94bcff87a9842d14c929d100c2ad8a/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Misc"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.reap.ac.uk/public/Papers/Transforming%20assessment_DN.pdf"/><swrc:date>Thu Dec 04 02:03:16 CET 2008</swrc:date><swrc:howpublished>Published by the Scottish Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) for Higher Education</swrc:howpublished><swrc:title>Transforming assessment and feedback: enhancing integration and empowerment in the first year</swrc:title><swrc:year>2008</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>assessment empowerment feedback formative review wleformativeeassessment </swrc:keywords><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="David Nicol"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f38605320829fa580a63b939f771a15a/yish"><title>Formative assessment and self-regulated learning: a model and seven principles of good feedback practice</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f38605320829fa580a63b939f771a15a/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2008-12-04T01:52:39+01:00</dc:date><dc:subject>WLEFormativeEAssessment assessment formative learning practice principles </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Nicol&#034;&gt;David Nicol&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/MacFarlane-Dick&#034;&gt;Debra MacFarlane-Dick&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Studies in Higher Education&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;31(2):199-218&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;2006&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/WLEFormativeEAssessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/practice"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/principles"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f38605320829fa580a63b939f771a15a/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2f38605320829fa580a63b939f771a15a/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.reap.ac.uk/public/Papers/DN_SHE_Final.pdf"/><swrc:date>Thu Dec 04 01:52:39 CET 2008</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Studies in Higher Education</swrc:journal><swrc:number>2</swrc:number><swrc:pages>199-218</swrc:pages><swrc:title>Formative assessment and self-regulated learning: a model and seven principles of good feedback practice</swrc:title><swrc:volume>31</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2006</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>WLEFormativeEAssessment assessment formative learning practice principles </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>The research on formative assessment and feedback is re-interpreted to show how these processes can help students take control of their own learning – i.e. become self-regulated learners. This reformulation is used to identify seven principles of good feedback practice that support self-regulation. A key argument is that students are already assessing their own work and generating their own feedback and that higher education should build on this
ability. The research underpinning each feedback principle is presented and some examples of easy-to-implement feedback strategies are briefly described. This shift in focus, whereby students are seen as having a proactive rather than a reactive role in generating and using
feedback, has profound implications for the way in which teachers organise assessments and support learning.</swrc:abstract><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="David Nicol"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Debra MacFarlane-Dick"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2207ea774acca3d0164dc5d9295921513/yish"><title>Developing the theory of formative assessment</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2207ea774acca3d0164dc5d9295921513/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2008-12-01T11:44:02+01:00</dc:date><dc:subject>WLEFormativeEAssessment assessment feasstpatterns formative theory wleformativeeassessment </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Black&#034;&gt;Paul Black&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Wiliam&#034;&gt;Dylan Wiliam&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Assessment, evaluation and accountability&lt;/em&gt;  (&lt;em&gt;2009&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/WLEFormativeEAssessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/feasstpatterns"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/theory"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/wleformativeeassessment"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2207ea774acca3d0164dc5d9295921513/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2207ea774acca3d0164dc5d9295921513/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><swrc:date>Mon Dec 01 11:44:02 CET 2008</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Assessment, evaluation and accountability</swrc:journal><swrc:number>1</swrc:number><swrc:title>Developing the theory of formative assessment</swrc:title><swrc:volume>1</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2009</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>WLEFormativeEAssessment assessment feasstpatterns formative theory wleformativeeassessment </swrc:keywords><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Paul Black"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Dylan Wiliam"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/25910f4b7537ac371b878aa1df8388199/yish"><title>Notes towards a theory of formative assessment</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/25910f4b7537ac371b878aa1df8388199/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2008-12-01T11:43:04+01:00</dc:date><dc:subject>WLEFormativeEAssessment formative learning mathgamespatterns theory </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Black&#034;&gt;Paul Black&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Wiliam&#034;&gt;Dylan Wiliam&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability&lt;/em&gt;  (&lt;em&gt;2009&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/WLEFormativeEAssessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/mathgamespatterns"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/theory"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/25910f4b7537ac371b878aa1df8388199/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/25910f4b7537ac371b878aa1df8388199/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><swrc:date>Mon Dec 01 11:43:04 CET 2008</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability</swrc:journal><swrc:number>1</swrc:number><swrc:title>Notes towards a theory of formative assessment</swrc:title><swrc:volume>1</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2009</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>WLEFormativeEAssessment formative learning mathgamespatterns theory </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>Whilst many definitions of formative assessment have been offered, there is no
clear rationale to define and delimit it within broader theories of pedagogy. This
paper aims to offer such a rationale, within a framework which can also unify the
diverse set of practices which have been described as formative. The analysis is
used to relate formative assessment both to other pedagogic initiatives, notably
cognitive acceleration and dynamic assessment, and to some of the existing
literature on models of self-regulated learning and on classroom discourse. This
framework should indicate potentially fruitful lines for further enquiry, whilst at
the same time opening up new ways of helping teachers to implement formative
practices more effectively.</swrc:abstract><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Paul Black"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Dylan Wiliam"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2acf3ddd79e7e64bfccfdce019a6f416d/yish"><title>STyLE-OLM: Interactive Open Learner Modelling</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2acf3ddd79e7e64bfccfdce019a6f416d/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2008-09-16T18:50:24+02:00</dc:date><dc:subject>AIED ITS eassessment education formative learner learning modelling openlearnermodeld wleformativeeassessment </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Dimitrova&#034;&gt;Vania Dimitrova&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;13(1):35-78&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;2003&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/AIED"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/ITS"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/eassessment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/education"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learner"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/modelling"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/openlearnermodeld"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/wleformativeeassessment"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2acf3ddd79e7e64bfccfdce019a6f416d/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2acf3ddd79e7e64bfccfdce019a6f416d/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/19/73/12/PDF/dimitrova03.pdf"/><swrc:date>Tue Sep 16 18:50:24 CEST 2008</swrc:date><swrc:journal>International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education</swrc:journal><swrc:number>1</swrc:number><swrc:pages>35-78</swrc:pages><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="IOS Press"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>STyLE-OLM: Interactive Open Learner Modelling</swrc:title><swrc:volume>13</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2003</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>AIED ITS eassessment education formative learner learning modelling openlearnermodeld wleformativeeassessment </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>There is a strong argument in Artificial Intelligence in Education which advocates that computer-based learning systems need to adapt to the needs of learners if they are to provide for effective personalised instruction (Self, 1999a). Diagnosing a learner&#039;s cognitive capacity is a crucial issue in building adaptive systems. We have explored an interactive open learner modelling (IOLM) approach which conceives diagnosis as an interactive process involving both a computer system and a learner that discuss and together construct the learner model. This paper outlines the architecture of an interactive open learner modelling system and illustrates the method in a terminological domain. We discuss an evaluative study of an IOLM demonstrator – a system called STyLE-OLM.
The results from the study demonstrate potential benefits of the method for improving the quality of the learner model and providing a means for fostering reflective thinking. We argue that IOLM is a fruitful approach which may be employed in intelligent learning environments both for obtaining a better model of a learner’s cognitive state and engaging learners in reflective activities.</swrc:abstract><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Vania Dimitrova"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2768cf71072c441084cbdd572e3acd939/yish"><title>Assessment and classroom</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2768cf71072c441084cbdd572e3acd939/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2008-09-16T16:49:08+02:00</dc:date><dc:subject>assesment formative wleformativeeassessment </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Black&#034;&gt;P. Black&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/William&#034;&gt;D. William&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Learning Assessment in Education&lt;/em&gt;  (&lt;em&gt;1998&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assesment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/wleformativeeassessment"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2768cf71072c441084cbdd572e3acd939/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2768cf71072c441084cbdd572e3acd939/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><swrc:date>Tue Sep 16 16:49:08 CEST 2008</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Learning Assessment in Education</swrc:journal><swrc:pages>7--74</swrc:pages><swrc:title>Assessment and classroom</swrc:title><swrc:volume>5</swrc:volume><swrc:year>1998</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>assesment formative wleformativeeassessment </swrc:keywords><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="P. Black"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="D. William"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22037562090b6bf6ef2e49e3dfcb5b3f1/yish"><title>Handbook for Learning-centred Evaluation of Computer-facilitated Learning Projects in Higher Education</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22037562090b6bf6ef2e49e3dfcb5b3f1/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2008-05-30T04:51:38+02:00</dc:date><dc:subject>cscl education evaluation formative higher interviews learner-centered learning methodology methods mythesis summative wleformativeeassessment </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Phillips&#034;&gt;Rob Phillips&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Bain&#034;&gt;John Bain&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/McNaught&#034;&gt;Carmel McNaught&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Rice&#034;&gt;Mary Rice&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Tripp&#034;&gt;David Tripp&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;http://www.tlc.murdoch.edu.au/archive/cutsd99/handbook/handbook.html, &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;2000&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;em&gt;lastaccessed=21 June, 2007
		    .
	    &lt;/em&gt;</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/cscl"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/education"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/evaluation"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/higher"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/interviews"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learner-centered"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/methodology"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/methods"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/mythesis"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/summative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/wleformativeeassessment"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22037562090b6bf6ef2e49e3dfcb5b3f1/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/22037562090b6bf6ef2e49e3dfcb5b3f1/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Misc"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.tlc.murdoch.edu.au/archive/cutsd99/handbook/handbook.html"/><swrc:date>Fri May 30 04:51:38 CEST 2008</swrc:date><swrc:howpublished>http://www.tlc.murdoch.edu.au/archive/cutsd99/handbook/handbook.html</swrc:howpublished><swrc:note>lastaccessed={21 June, 2007}</swrc:note><swrc:title>Handbook for Learning-centred Evaluation of Computer-facilitated Learning Projects in Higher Education</swrc:title><swrc:year>2000</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>cscl education evaluation formative higher interviews learner-centered learning methodology methods mythesis summative wleformativeeassessment </swrc:keywords><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Rob Phillips"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="John Bain"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Carmel McNaught"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Mary Rice"/></rdf:_4><rdf:_5><swrc:Person swrc:name="David Tripp"/></rdf:_5></rdf:Seq></swrc:author><swrc:editor><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Rob Phillips"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:editor></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/236b211057da958faeb62defb9cbfa7bc/yish"><title>Empirical evaluation of usability and fun in computer games for children</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/236b211057da958faeb62defb9cbfa7bc/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2007-06-22T15:10:44+02:00</dc:date><dc:subject>evaluation formative fun games hci learning methods mythesis observation usability wleformativeeassessment </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Barendregt&#034;&gt;Wolmet Barendregt&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Bekker&#034;&gt;Mathilde M. Bekker&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Speerstra&#034;&gt;Mathilde Speerstra&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the IFIP 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction INTERACT-03&lt;/em&gt;  (&lt;em&gt;2003&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/evaluation"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/fun"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/games"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/hci"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/methods"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/mythesis"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/observation"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/usability"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/wleformativeeassessment"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/236b211057da958faeb62defb9cbfa7bc/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/236b211057da958faeb62defb9cbfa7bc/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterberg/conferences/INTERACT2003/INTERACT2003-p705.pdf"/><swrc:date>Fri Jun 22 15:10:44 CEST 2007</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Proceedings of the IFIP 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction INTERACT-03</swrc:journal><swrc:pages>705-708</swrc:pages><swrc:title>Empirical evaluation of usability and fun in computer games for children</swrc:title><swrc:volume>3</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2003</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>evaluation formative fun games hci learning methods mythesis observation usability wleformativeeassessment </swrc:keywords><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Wolmet Barendregt"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Mathilde M. Bekker"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Mathilde Speerstra"/></rdf:_3></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22484dd124285ecd397ccd0bf01362c97/yish"><title>Assessment and learning: differences and relationships between formative and summative assessment</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22484dd124285ecd397ccd0bf01362c97/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2007-06-22T14:20:54+02:00</dc:date><dc:subject>assesment curriculum evaluation formative learning policy summative teaching </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Harlen&#034;&gt;Wynne Harlen&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/James&#034;&gt;Mary James&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Assessment in Education&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;4(3):365--379&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;1997&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/assesment"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/curriculum"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/evaluation"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/policy"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/summative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/teaching"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/22484dd124285ecd397ccd0bf01362c97/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/22484dd124285ecd397ccd0bf01362c97/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&amp;issn=0969-594X&amp;issue=3&amp;spage=365&amp;volume=4"/><swrc:date>Fri Jun 22 14:20:54 CEST 2007</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Assessment in Education</swrc:journal><swrc:number>3</swrc:number><swrc:pages>365--379</swrc:pages><swrc:title>Assessment and learning: differences and relationships between formative and summative assessment</swrc:title><swrc:volume>4</swrc:volume><swrc:year>1997</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>assesment curriculum evaluation formative learning policy summative teaching </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>The central argument of this paper is that the formative and summative purposes of assessment have become confused in practice and that as a consequence assessment fails to have a truly formative role in learning. The importance of this role is argued particularly in relation to learning with understanding (deep learning). It is pointed out that the requirements of assessment for formative and summative purposes differ in several dimensions, including reliability, the reference base of judgements and the focus of the information used. This challenges the assumption that summative judgements can be formed by simple summation of formative ones. An alternative procedure for linking formative and summative assessment is proposed such that their separate functions are preserved.</swrc:abstract><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Wynne Harlen"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Mary James"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/211148527297e01bc3c665dcf1aacc859/yish"><title>Evaluating technology-based learning: Which model?</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/211148527297e01bc3c665dcf1aacc859/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2007-06-21T23:26:23+02:00</dc:date><dc:subject>computers education evaluation formative learning multimedia summative </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Alexander&#034;&gt;Shirley Alexander&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Hedberg&#034;&gt;John G. Hedberg&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Proceedings of the IFIP TC3/WG3.2 Working Conference on the Seign, Implementation and Evaluation of Interactive Multimedia in University Settings, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;page 233--244. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;New York, NY, USA, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Elsevier Science Inc., &lt;/em&gt;(&lt;em&gt;1994&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/computers"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/education"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/evaluation"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/learning"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/multimedia"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/summative"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/211148527297e01bc3c665dcf1aacc859/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/211148527297e01bc3c665dcf1aacc859/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InProceedings"/><swrc:date>Thu Jun 21 23:26:23 CEST 2007</swrc:date><swrc:address>New York, NY, USA</swrc:address><swrc:booktitle>Proceedings of the IFIP TC3/WG3.2 Working Conference on the Seign, Implementation and Evaluation of Interactive Multimedia in University Settings</swrc:booktitle><swrc:pages>233--244</swrc:pages><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="Elsevier Science Inc."/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>Evaluating technology-based learning: Which model?</swrc:title><swrc:year>1994</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>computers education evaluation formative learning multimedia summative </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="0-444-82077-9" swrc:key="isbn"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Shirley Alexander"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="John G. Hedberg"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item><item rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f7ebd9789b7cdb6e037c18e8d1448669/yish"><title>User-Centered Design and Evaluation of Virtual Environments</title><link>http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f7ebd9789b7cdb6e037c18e8d1448669/yish</link><dc:creator>yish</dc:creator><dc:date>2007-06-12T13:17:24+02:00</dc:date><dc:subject>analysis centered design evaluation formative methodology methods user user-task </dc:subject><content:encoded>&lt;span class=&#034;authorEditorList&#034;&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;/author/Gabbard&#034;&gt;Joseph L. Gabbard&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Hix&#034;&gt;Deborah Hix&lt;/a&gt;,  and &lt;a href=&#034;/author/Swan&#034;&gt;J. Edward Swan&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;19(6):51--59&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;em&gt;1999&lt;/em&gt;)</content:encoded><taxo:topics><rdf:Bag><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/analysis"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/centered"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/design"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/evaluation"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/formative"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/methodology"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/methods"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/user"/><rdf:li rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/user-task"/></rdf:Bag></taxo:topics><burst:publication><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f7ebd9789b7cdb6e037c18e8d1448669/yish"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2f7ebd9789b7cdb6e037c18e8d1448669/yish"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=616061.618665"/><swrc:date>Tue Jun 12 13:17:24 CEST 2007</swrc:date><swrc:address>Los Alamitos, CA, USA</swrc:address><swrc:journal>IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications</swrc:journal><swrc:number>6</swrc:number><swrc:pages>51--59</swrc:pages><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="IEEE Computer Society Press"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>User-Centered Design and Evaluation of Virtual Environments</swrc:title><swrc:volume>19</swrc:volume><swrc:year>1999</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>analysis centered design evaluation formative methodology methods user user-task </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>The ever-increasing power of computers and hardware rendering systems has, to date, primarily motivated the creation of visually rich and perceptually realistic virtual environment (VE) applications. Comparatively very little effort has been expended on the user interaction components of VEs. As a result, VE user interfaces are often poorly designed and are rarely evaluated with users. Although usability engineering is a newly emerging facet of VE development, user-centered design and evaluation in VEs as a practice still lags far behind what is needed. In this article we present a structured, iterative methodology for the user-centered design and evaluation of VE user interaction. Figure 1 illustrates our basic technique: we recommend performing (1) user task analysis, followed by (2) expert guidelines-based evaluation, followed by (3) formative user-centered evaluation, and finally by (4) summative comparative evaluation. In this article we first give some motivation and background for our methodology, and then we describe each of these techniques in some detail. We then discuss how we applied these techniques to a real-world battlefield visualization virtual environment, and finally discuss why this approach provides a cost-effective strategy for assessing and iteratively improving user interaction in VEs.</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="0272-1716" swrc:key="issn"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="10.1109/38.799740" swrc:key="doi"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Joseph L. Gabbard"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Deborah Hix"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="J. Edward Swan"/></rdf:_3></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description></burst:publication></item></rdf:RDF>
