M.S.Baptista ChristianeBohn ReinholdKliegl RalfEngbert JürgenKurths Reconstruction of eye movements during blinks CoRR abs/0802.2201 2008 RalfEngbert Testing for nonlinearity: the role of surrogate data Chaos, Solitons, & Fractals 13 79–84 2002 R.Engbert F.R.Drepper Chance and chaos in population biology–Models of recurrent epidemics and food chain dynamics Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 4 1147–1169 1994 RalfEngbert ReinholdKliegl Microsaccades uncover the orientation of covert attention Vision Res 43 1035-1045 2003 Fixational eye movements are subdivided into tremor, drift, and microsaccades. All three types of miniature eye movements generate small random displacements of the retinal image when viewing a stationary scene. Here we investigate the modulation of microsaccades by shifts of covert attention in a classical spatial cueing paradigm. First, we replicate the suppression of microsaccades with a minimum rate about 150 ms after cue onset. Second, as a new finding we observe microsaccadic enhancement with a maximum rate about 350 ms after presentation of the cue. Third, we find a modulation of the orientation towards the cue direction. These multiple influences of visual attention on microsaccades accentuate their role for visual information processing. Furthermore, our results suggest that microsaccades can be used to map the orientation of visual attention in psychophysical experiments. RalfEngbert ReinholdKliegl Mathematical models of eye movements in reading: a possible role for autonomous saccades. Biological Cybernetics 85 77-87 2001 ReinholdKliegl RalfEngbert SWIFT Explorations Elsevier Science Ltd. 2003 SWIFT is a computational model of eye guidance in reading. It assumes (1) spatially distributed lexical processing, (2) a separation of saccade timing from saccade target selection, and (3) autonomous and parallel generation of saccades with inhibition by foveal targets. The model accounts for fixation probabilities as well as various measures of inspection time in their relation to lexical processing difficulty. We illustrate the dynamics associated with saccade generation and inhibition by foveal targets. In addition, we generate predictions for an experiment involving gaze-contingent display change. ReinholdKliegl EllenGrabner MartinRolfs RalfEngbert Length, frequency, and predictability effects of words on eye movements in reading European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Psychology Press 16 262–284 2004 We tested the effects of word length, frequency, and predictability on inspection durations (first fixation, single fixation, gaze duration, and reading time) and inspection probabilities during first-pass reading (skipped, once, twice) for a corpus of 144 German sentences (1138 words) and a subset of 144 target words uncorrelated in length and frequency, read by 33 young and 32 older adults. For corpus words, length and frequency were reliably related to inspection durations and probabilities, predictability only to inspection probabilities. For first-pass reading of target words all three effects were reliable for inspection durations and probabilities. Low predictability was strongly related to second-pass reading. Older adults read slower than young adults and had a higher frequency of regressive movements. The data are to serve as a benchmark for computational models of eye movement control in reading. ReinholdKliegl EllenGrabner MartinRolfs RalfEngbert Length, frequency, and predictability effects of words on eye movements in reading European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Psychology Press 16 262–284 2004 We tested the effects of word length, frequency, and predictability on inspection durations (first fixation, single fixation, gaze duration, and reading time) and inspection probabilities during first-pass reading (skipped, once, twice) for a corpus of 144 German sentences (1138 words) and a subset of 144 target words uncorrelated in length and frequency, read by 33 young and 32 older adults. For corpus words, length and frequency were reliably related to inspection durations and probabilities, predictability only to inspection probabilities. For first-pass reading of target words all three effects were reliable for inspection durations and probabilities. Low predictability was strongly related to second-pass reading. Older adults read slower than young adults and had a higher frequency of regressive movements. The data are to serve as a benchmark for computational models of eye movement control in reading. ReinholdKliegl AntjeNuthmann RalfEngbert Tracking the Mind During Reading: The Influence of Past, Present, and Future Words on Fixation Durations Journal of Experimental Psychology 135 12–35 2005 Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye-mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes. ReinholdKliegl AntjeNuthmann RalfEngbert Tracking the Mind During Reading: The Influence of Past, Present, and Future Words on Fixation Durations Journal of Experimental Psychology 135 12–35 2005 Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye-mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes.