BrunoM.Fonseca PauloGolgher BrunoPôssas BerthierRibeiro-Neto NivioZiviani Concept-based interactive query expansion ACM Press 696–703 2005 HelenJ.Peat PeterWillett The limitations of term co-occurrence data for query expansion in document retrieval systems Journal of the American Society for Information Science Copyright © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 42 378-383 1991 IanRuthven MouniaLalmas A survey on the use of relevance feedback for information access systems Knowl. Eng. Rev. Cambridge University Press 18 95–145 2003 Users of online search engines often find it difficult to express their need for information in the form of a query. However, if the user can identify examples of the kind of documents they require then they can employ a technique known as relevance feedback. Relevance feedback covers a range of techniques intended to improve a user's query and facilitate retrieval of information relevant to a user's information need. In this paper we survey relevance feedback techniques. We study both automatic techniques, in which the system modifies the user's query, and interactive techniques, in which the user has control over query modification. We also consider specific interfaces to relevance feedback systems and characteristics of searchers that can affect the use and success of relevance feedback systems.