| Author | Title | Year | Journal/Proceedings | Reftype | DOI/URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baldwin, C., Hienerth, C. & Hippel, E. V. | How User Innovations Become Commercial Products: A Theoretical Investigation and Case Study | 2006 | Research Policy | article | |
| Abstract: Abstract: In this paper we model the pathways commonly traversed as user innovations are transformed into commercial products. First, one or more users recognize a new set of design possibilities and begin to innovate. They then join into communities, motivated by the increased efficiency of collective innovation. User-manufacturers then emerge, using high-variable/low-capital cost production methods. Finally, as user innovation slows, the market stabilizes enough for high-capital, low-variable cost manufacturing to enter. We test the model against the history of the rodeo kayak industry and find it supported. We discuss implications for “dominant design” theory and for innovation practice. Copyright 2006 Elsevier Copyright of Research Policy is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) Abstract: In this paper we model the pathways commonly traversed as user innovations are transformed into commercial products. First, one or more users recognize a new set of design possibilities and begin to innovate. They then join into communities, motivated by the increased efficiency of collective innovation. User-manufacturers then emerge, using high-variable/low-capital cost production methods. Finally, as user innovation slows, the market stabilizes enough for high-capital, low-variable cost manufacturing to enter. We test the model against the history of the rodeo kayak industry and find it supported. We discuss implications for “dominant design” theory and for innovation practice. Copyright 2006 Elsevier Copyright of Research Policy is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Baldwin.2006,
author = {Carliss Baldwin and Christoph Hienerth and Eric Von Hippel},
title = {How User Innovations Become Commercial Products: A Theoretical Investigation and Case Study},
journal = {Research Policy},
year = {2006},
volume = {35},
number = {9},
pages = {1291-1313}
}
|
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| Franke, N. & von Hippel, E. | Satisfying Heterogenous User Needs via Innovation Toolkits: The Case of Apache Security Software [BibTeX] |
2003 | Research Policy | article | |
BibTeX:
@article{franke2003,
author = {Nikolaus Franke and Eric von Hippel},
title = {Satisfying Heterogenous User Needs via Innovation Toolkits: The Case of {A}pache Security Software},
journal = {Research Policy},
year = {2003},
volume = {32},
number = {7},
pages = {1199-1215}
}
|
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| Franke, N., Hippel, E. V. & Schreier, M. | Finding Commercially Attractive User Innovations: A Test of Lead-User Theory | 2006 | Journal of Product Innovation Management | article | |
| Abstract: Firms and governments are increasingly interested in learning to exploit the value of lead-user innovations for commercial advantage. Improvements to lead-user theory are needed to inform and to guide these efforts. The present study empirically tests and confirms the basic tenets of lead-user theory. It also uncovers some new refinements and related practical applications. Using a sample of users and user–innovators drawn from the extreme sport of kite surfing, an analysis was made of the relationship between the commercial attractiveness of innovations developed by users and the intensity of the lead-user characteristics those users display. A first empirical analysis is provided of the independent effects of its two key component variables. In the empirical study of user modifications to kite-surfing equipment, it was found that both components independently contribute to identifying commercially attractive user innovations. Component 1, the high expected-benefits dimension, predicts innovation likelihood, and component 2, the ahead of the trend dimension, predicts both the commercial attractiveness of a given set of user-developed innovations and innovation likelihood due to a newly proposed innovation supply side effect. It was concluded that the component variables in the lead-user definition are indeed independent dimensions, so neither can be dropped without loss of information—an important matter for lead-user theory. It also was found that adding measures of users' local resources can improve the ability of the lead-user construct to identify commercially attractive innovations under some conditions. The findings reported here have practical as well as theoretical import. Product modification and development has been found to be a relatively common user behavior in many fields. Thus, from 10 to nearly 40 percent of users report having modified or developed a product for in-house use in the case of industrial products or for personal use... ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR Copyright of Journal of Product Innovation Management is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) Firms and governments are increasingly interested in learning to exploit the value of lead-user innovations for commercial advantage. Improvements to lead-user theory are needed to inform and to guide these efforts. The present study empirically tests and confirms the basic tenets of lead-user theory. It also uncovers some new refinements and related practical applications. Using a sample of users and user–innovators drawn from the extreme sport of kite surfing, an analysis was made of the relationship between the commercial attractiveness of innovations developed by users and the intensity of the lead-user characteristics those users display. A first empirical analysis is provided of the independent effects of its two key component variables. In the empirical study of user modifications to kite-surfing equipment, it was found that both components independently contribute to identifying commercially attractive user innovations. Component 1, the high expected-benefits dimension, predicts innovation likelihood, and component 2, the ahead of the trend dimension, predicts both the commercial attractiveness of a given set of user-developed innovations and innovation likelihood due to a newly proposed innovation supply side effect. It was concluded that the component variables in the lead-user definition are indeed independent dimensions, so neither can be dropped without loss of information—an important matter for lead-user theory. It also was found that adding measures of users' local resources can improve the ability of the lead-user construct to identify commercially attractive innovations under some conditions. The findings reported here have practical as well as theoretical import. Product modification and development has been found to be a relatively common user behavior in many fields. Thus, from 10 to nearly 40 percent of users report having modified or developed a product for in-house use in the case of industrial products or for personal use... ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR Copyright of Journal of Product Innovation Management is the property of Blackwell Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Franke.2006,
author = {Nikolaus Franke and Eric Von Hippel and Martin Schreier},
title = {Finding Commercially Attractive User Innovations: A Test of Lead-User Theory},
journal = {Journal of Product Innovation Management},
year = {2006},
volume = {23},
number = {4},
pages = {301-315}
}
|
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| Harhoff, D., Henkel, J. & Hippel, E. V. | Profiting From Voluntary Information Spillovers: How Users Benefit by Freely Revealing Their Innovations | 2003 | Research Policy | article | |
| Abstract: Empirical studies of innovation have found that end users frequently develop important product and process innovations. Defying conventional wisdom on the negative effects of uncompensated spillovers, innovative users also often openly reveal their innovations to competing users and to manufacturers. Rival users are thus in a position to reproduce the innovation in-house and benefit from using it, and manufacturers are in a position to refine the innovation and sell it to all users, including competitors of the user revealing its innovation. In this paper, we explore the incentives that users might have to freely reveal their proprietary innovations. We then develop a game-theoretic model to explore the effect of these incentives on usersâ decisions to reveal or hide their proprietary information. We find that, under realistic parameter constellations, free revealing pays. We conclude by discussing some implications of our findings. Copyright 2003 Elsevier Copyright of Research Policy is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) Empirical studies of innovation have found that end users frequently develop important product and process innovations. Defying conventional wisdom on the negative effects of uncompensated spillovers, innovative users also often openly reveal their innovations to competing users and to manufacturers. Rival users are thus in a position to reproduce the innovation in-house and benefit from using it, and manufacturers are in a position to refine the innovation and sell it to all users, including competitors of the user revealing its innovation. In this paper, we explore the incentives that users might have to freely reveal their proprietary innovations. We then develop a game-theoretic model to explore the effect of these incentives on usersâ decisions to reveal or hide their proprietary information. We find that, under realistic parameter constellations, free revealing pays. We conclude by discussing some implications of our findings. Copyright 2003 Elsevier Copyright of Research Policy is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Harhoff.2003,
author = {Dietmar Harhoff and Joachim Henkel and Eric Von Hippel},
title = {Profiting From Voluntary Information Spillovers: How Users Benefit by Freely Revealing Their Innovations},
journal = {Research Policy},
year = {2003},
volume = {32},
number = {10},
pages = {1753-1769}
}
|
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| Herstatt, C. & Hippel, E. V. | Developing New Product Concepts via the Lead User Method: A Case Study in a Low Tech Field [BibTeX] |
1992 | Journal of Product Innovation Management | article | |
BibTeX:
@article{Herstatt.1992,
author = {Cornelius Herstatt and Eric Von Hippel},
title = {Developing New Product Concepts via the Lead User Method: A Case Study in a Low Tech Field},
journal = {Journal of Product Innovation Management},
year = {1992},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {213-221}
}
|
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| von Hippel, E. & von Krogh, G. | Open Source Software and the "Private-Collective" Innovation Model: Issues for Organization Science [BibTeX] |
2003 | Organization Science | article | |
BibTeX:
@article{hippel2003,
author = {Eric von Hippel and Georg von Krogh},
title = {Open Source Software and the "Private-Collective" Innovation Model: Issues for Organization Science},
journal = {Organization Science},
year = {2003},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {209-223}
}
|
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| von Hippel, E. & von Krogh, G. | Open Source Software and the `` Private-Collective" Innovation Model: Issues for Organization Science [BibTeX] |
2003 | Organization Science | article | |
BibTeX:
@article{vonhippel2003oss,
author = {E. von Hippel and G. von Krogh},
title = {{Open Source Software and the `` Private-Collective" Innovation Model: Issues for Organization Science}},
journal = {Organization Science},
publisher = {INFORMS Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), Linthicum, Maryland, USA},
year = {2003},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {209--223}
}
|
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| Lilien, G. L., Morrison, P. D., Searls, K., Sonnack, M. & Hippel, E. V. | Performance Assessment of the Lead User Idea-Generation Process for New Product Development | 2002 | Management Science | article | |
| Abstract: Traditional idea generation techniques based on customer input usually collect information on new product needs from a random or typical set of customers. The "lead user process" takes a different approach. It collects information about both needs and solutions from users at the leading edges of the target market, as well as from users in other markets that face similar problems in a more extreme form. This paper reports on a natural experiment conducted within the 3M Company on the effect of the lead user (LU) idea-generation process relative to more traditional methods. 3M is known for its innovation capabilities-- and we find that the LU process appears to improve upon those capabilities. Annual sales of LU product ideas generated by the average LU project at 3M are conservatively projected to be $146 million after five years--more than eight times higher than forecast sales for the average contemporaneously conducted "traditional" project. Each funded LU project is projected to create a new major product line for a 3M division. As a direct result, divisions funding LU project ideas are projecting their highest rate of major product line generation in the past 50 years. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Lilien.2002,
author = {Gary L. Lilien and Pamela D. Morrison and Kathleen Searls and Mary Sonnack and Eric Von Hippel},
title = {Performance Assessment of the Lead User Idea-Generation Process for New Product Development},
journal = {Management Science},
year = {2002},
volume = {48},
number = {8},
pages = {1042-1059}
}
|
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| Lüthje, C., Herstatt, C. & Hippel, E. V. | User-Innovators and 'Local' Information: The Case of Mountain Biking | 2005 | Research Policy | article | |
| Abstract: Abstract: In a study of innovations developed by mountain bikers, we find that user-innovators almost always utilize “local” information – information already in their possession or generated by themselves – both to determine the need for and to develop the solutions for their innovations. We argue that this finding fits the economic incentives operating on users. Local need information will in general be the most relevant to user-innovators, since the bulk of their innovation-related rewards typically come from in-house use. User-innovators will increasingly tend to rely on local solution information as the stickiness of non-local solution information rises. When user-innovators do rely on local information, it may be possible to predict the general nature of the innovations they might develop. Copyright 2005 Elsevier Copyright of Research Policy is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) Abstract: In a study of innovations developed by mountain bikers, we find that user-innovators almost always utilize “local” information – information already in their possession or generated by themselves – both to determine the need for and to develop the solutions for their innovations. We argue that this finding fits the economic incentives operating on users. Local need information will in general be the most relevant to user-innovators, since the bulk of their innovation-related rewards typically come from in-house use. User-innovators will increasingly tend to rely on local solution information as the stickiness of non-local solution information rises. When user-innovators do rely on local information, it may be possible to predict the general nature of the innovations they might develop. Copyright 2005 Elsevier Copyright of Research Policy is the property of Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Luthje.2005,
author = {Christian Lüthje and Cornelius Herstatt and Eric Von Hippel},
title = {User-Innovators and 'Local' Information: The Case of Mountain Biking},
journal = {Research Policy},
year = {2005},
volume = {34},
number = {6},
pages = {951-965}
}
|
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| Thomke, S. & Hippel, E. V. | Customers as Innovators: A New Way to Create Value | 2002 | Harvard Business Review | article | |
| Abstract: Product R&D at many companies is a major bottleneck. The difficulty is that fully understanding the needs of just a single customer can be an inexact and costly process--to say nothing of the needs of all customers or even groups of them. In the course of studying product innovation across many industries, authors Stefan Thomke and Eric von Hippel have found several companies that have adopted a completely new, seemingly counterintuitive, approach to product R&D. Essentially, these companies have abandoned their efforts to understand exactly what products their customers want; instead, they equip customers with tool kits to design and develop their own products. Doing so can create tremendous value, but capturing that value is hardly a simple or straightforward process. Not only must a company develop the right tool kit, but it must also revamp its business models and management mind-set. When companies relinquish a fundamental task--such as designing a new product--to customers, the two parties must redefine their relationship, and this change can be risky. With custom computer chips, for instance, companies traditionally captured value by both designing and manufacturing innovative products. With customers taking over more of the design, companies must now focus more on providing the best custom manufacturing. In other words, the location where value is created and is captured changes, and companies must reconfigure their business models accordingly. This article offers basic principles and lessons for industries undergoing such transformations. ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER Copyright of Harvard Business Review is the property of Harvard Business School Publication Corp. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) Product R&D at many companies is a major bottleneck. The difficulty is that fully understanding the needs of just a single customer can be an inexact and costly process--to say nothing of the needs of all customers or even groups of them. In the course of studying product innovation across many industries, authors Stefan Thomke and Eric von Hippel have found several companies that have adopted a completely new, seemingly counterintuitive, approach to product R&D. Essentially, these companies have abandoned their efforts to understand exactly what products their customers want; instead, they equip customers with tool kits to design and develop their own products. Doing so can create tremendous value, but capturing that value is hardly a simple or straightforward process. Not only must a company develop the right tool kit, but it must also revamp its business models and management mind-set. When companies relinquish a fundamental task--such as designing a new product--to customers, the two parties must redefine their relationship, and this change can be risky. With custom computer chips, for instance, companies traditionally captured value by both designing and manufacturing innovative products. With customers taking over more of the design, companies must now focus more on providing the best custom manufacturing. In other words, the location where value is created and is captured changes, and companies must reconfigure their business models accordingly. This article offers basic principles and lessons for industries undergoing such transformations. ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER Copyright of Harvard Business Review is the property of Harvard Business School Publication Corp. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Thomke.2002,
author = {Stefan Thomke and Eric Von Hippel},
title = {Customers as Innovators: A New Way to Create Value},
journal = {Harvard Business Review},
year = {2002},
volume = {80},
number = {4},
pages = {74-81}
}
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