<rdf:RDF xmlns:community="http://www.bibsonomy.org/ontologies/2008/05/community#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" xmlns:admin="http://webns.net/mvcb/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:syn="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:taxo="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/taxonomy/" xmlns:cc="http://web.resource.org/cc/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:swrc="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xml:base="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/ontology_learning"><owl:Ontology rdf:about=""><rdfs:comment>BibSonomy publications for /tag/ontology_learning</rdfs:comment><owl:imports rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology/portal"/></owl:Ontology><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2ace5ff38dde26e6c9dbf9db4e31e6546/beate"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2ace5ff38dde26e6c9dbf9db4e31e6546/beate"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InProceedings"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.kde.cs.uni-kassel.de/ws/eswc2007/proc/FolksOntology.pdf"/><swrc:date>Sat Dec 17 17:39:37 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:booktitle>Bridging the Gep between Semantic Web and Web 2.0 (SemNet 2007)</swrc:booktitle><swrc:pages>57-70</swrc:pages><swrc:title>FolksOntology: An Integrated Approach for Turning Folksonomies into Ontologies</swrc:title><swrc:year>2007</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>folksonomy ontology ontology_learning semantics </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>We can observe that the amount of non-toy domain ontologies is stillvery limited for many areas of interest. In contrast, folksonomies are widely inuse for (1) tagging Web pages (e.g. del.icio.us), (2) annotating pictures (e.g.flickr), or (3) classifying scholarly publications (e.g. bibsonomy). However,such folksonomies cannot offer the expressivity of ontologies, and therespective tags often lack a context-independent and intersubjective definitionof meaning. Also, folksonomies and other unsupervised vocabularies frequentlysuffer from inconsistencies and redundancies. In this paper, we argue that thesocial interaction manifested in folksonomies and in their usage should beexploited for building and maintaining ontologies. Then, we sketch acomprehensive approach for deriving ontologies from folksonomies byintegrating multiple resources and techniques. In detail, we suggest combining(1) the statistical analysis of folksonomies, associated usage data, and theirimplicit social networks, (2) online lexical resources like dictionaries, Wordnet,Google and Wikipedia, (3) ontologies and Semantic Web resources, (4)ontology mapping and matching approaches, and (5) functionality that helpshuman actors in achieving and maintaining consensus over ontology elementsuggestions resulting from the preceding steps.</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="damme2007folksontology.pdf:damme2007folksontology.pdf:PDF" swrc:key="file"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Céline Van Damme"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Martin Hepp"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Katharina Siorpaes"/></rdf:_3></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/21d74b5f5aa859cb2a987a2700e755893/reynares.e"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/21d74b5f5aa859cb2a987a2700e755893/reynares.e"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><swrc:date>Wed Oct 26 01:10:43 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:address>Piscataway, NJ, USA</swrc:address><swrc:journal>IEEE Intelligent Systems</swrc:journal><swrc:month>March</swrc:month><swrc:pages>72--79</swrc:pages><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="IEEE Educational Activities Department"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web</swrc:title><swrc:volume>16</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2001</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>ontology_learning semantic_web </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="1541-1672" swrc:key="issn"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2" swrc:key="issue"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Alexander Maedche"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Steffen Staab"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27f20574f7f1668fd6d910ccc04954383/bluedolphin"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/27f20574f7f1668fd6d910ccc04954383/bluedolphin"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Book"/><swrc:date>Sun Oct 02 22:34:36 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:address>Boston</swrc:address><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="Kluwer Academic Publishing"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web</swrc:title><swrc:year>2002</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>ontology_learning phd </swrc:keywords><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Alexander Maedche"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2603161eb4c5b2f87f3d3a50f87015337/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2603161eb4c5b2f87f3d3a50f87015337/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://tist.acm.org/index.html"/><swrc:date>Mon Sep 26 08:22:22 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology</swrc:journal><swrc:title>Evaluation of Folksonomy Induction Algorithms</swrc:title><swrc:year>2012</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>2012 evaluation folksonomies myown ontology_learning </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="43" swrc:key="vgwort"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Markus Strohmaier"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Denis Helic"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Dominik Benz"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Christian Körner"/></rdf:_4><rdf:_5><swrc:Person swrc:name="Roman Kern"/></rdf:_5></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/23081beee709710cd12ca402a00526ef2/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/23081beee709710cd12ca402a00526ef2/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InCollection"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_11"/><swrc:date>Tue Aug 30 08:39:27 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:booktitle>Handbook on Ontologies</swrc:booktitle><swrc:pages>245-267</swrc:pages><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:series>International Handbooks Information System</swrc:series><swrc:title>Ontology Learning</swrc:title><swrc:year>2009</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>handbook ontology_learning </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="978-3-540-92673-3" swrc:key="isbn"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="Economics/Management Science" swrc:key="keyword"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="University of Karlsruhe Institute AIFB Karlsruhe Germany" swrc:key="affiliation"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Philipp Cimiano"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Alexander M{\&#034;{a}}dche"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Steffen Staab"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Johanna V{\&#034;{o}}lker"/></rdf:_4></rdf:Seq></swrc:author><swrc:editor><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Steffen Staab"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Rudi Studer"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:editor></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/25f5f2584d7313b47172a3eab121d0069/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/25f5f2584d7313b47172a3eab121d0069/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~nernst/papers/studer98knowledge.pdf"/><swrc:date>Tue Aug 23 17:12:05 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Data Knowledge Engineering</swrc:journal><swrc:number>1-2</swrc:number><swrc:pages>161--197</swrc:pages><swrc:title>Knowledge {E}ngineering: {P}rinciples and {M}ethods</swrc:title><swrc:volume>25</swrc:volume><swrc:year>1998</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>definition knowledge_engineering ontology_learning </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>This paper gives an overview about the development of the field of Knowledge Engineering over the last 15 years. We discuss the paradigm shift from a transfer view to a modeling view and describe two approaches which considerably shaped research in Knowledge Engineering: Role-limiting Methods and Generic Tasks. To illustrate various concepts and methods which evolved in the last years we describe three modeling frameworks: CommonKADS, MIKE, and PROTÃ‰GÃ‰-II. This description is supplemented by discussing some important methodological developments in more detail: specification languages for knowledge-based systems, problem-solving methods, and ontologies. We conclude with outlining the relationship of Knowledge Engineering to Software Engineering, Information Integration and Knowledge Management.</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="0" swrc:key="priority"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="studer98knowledge.html" swrc:key="citeseerurl"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="121525" swrc:key="citeulike-article-id"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="ontologies capture static knowledge" swrc:key="comment"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Rudi Studer"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Richard R. Benjamins"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Dieter Fensel"/></rdf:_3></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/209ab696de72e68b0b2aaf21ae3b0b613/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/209ab696de72e68b0b2aaf21ae3b0b613/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Book"/><swrc:date>Tue Aug 23 16:20:52 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:pages>I-XXVIII, 1-347</swrc:pages><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="Springer"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>Ontology learning and population from text - algorithms, evaluation and applications.</swrc:title><swrc:year>2006</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>book ontology_learning </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-39252-3" swrc:key="ee"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="978-0-387-30632-2" swrc:key="isbn"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Philipp Cimiano"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/29f6febd6e835d24edb2547ad39bf36f4/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/29f6febd6e835d24edb2547ad39bf36f4/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Unpublished"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://eprints.weblyzard.com/27/"/><swrc:date>Fri Jul 29 09:40:41 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:note>Presentation Slides only</swrc:note><swrc:title>Ontology Learning based on Text Mining and Social Evidence Sources</swrc:title><swrc:year>2011</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>ontology_learning text_mining social_evidences </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2011.07.29" swrc:key="timestamp"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="weichselbraun2011ontology.pdf:weichselbraun2011ontology.pdf:PDF" swrc:key="file"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Albert Weichselbraun"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/25e7a5d5d2ff00af9a914b3a547ca3c48/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/25e7a5d5d2ff00af9a914b3a547ca3c48/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#MasterThesis"/><swrc:date>Fri Jul 29 09:40:39 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:school><swrc:University swrc:name="Universität Stuttgart"/></swrc:school><swrc:title>Theoretical and Practical Perspectives on Ontology Learning from Folksonomies</swrc:title><swrc:year>2010</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>ontology_learning folksonomies </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2011.07.29" swrc:key="timestamp"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="keller2010theoretical.pdf:keller2010theoretical.pdf:PDF" swrc:key="file"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Christine Keller"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27ef2f23103d4c0ed0ad344f9ead8db9d/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/27ef2f23103d4c0ed0ad344f9ead8db9d/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#MasterThesis"/><swrc:date>Wed Jul 20 11:26:46 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:school><swrc:University swrc:name="Technische Universität Berlin"/></swrc:school><swrc:title>Multi-Domain Klassifikation basierend auf nutzergenerierten Metadaten</swrc:title><swrc:year>2010</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>ontology_learning ol_web2.0 thesis berlin </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2011.07.20" swrc:key="timestamp"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Michael Meder"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/23081beee709710cd12ca402a00526ef2/bluedolphin"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/23081beee709710cd12ca402a00526ef2/bluedolphin"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InCollection"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_11"/><swrc:date>Fri Jun 10 09:04:03 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:booktitle>Handbook on Ontologies</swrc:booktitle><swrc:pages>245-267</swrc:pages><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="Springer Berlin Heidelberg"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:series>International Handbooks Information System</swrc:series><swrc:title>Ontology Learning</swrc:title><swrc:year>2009</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>my_thesis ontology_learning </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="978-3-540-92673-3" swrc:key="isbn"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="Economics/Management Science" swrc:key="keyword"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="University of Karlsruhe Institute AIFB Karlsruhe Germany" swrc:key="affiliation"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Philipp Cimiano"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Alexander M{\&#034;{a}}dche"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Steffen Staab"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Johanna V{\&#034;{o}}lker"/></rdf:_4></rdf:Seq></swrc:author><swrc:editor><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Steffen Staab"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Rudi Studer"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:editor></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2a16325d6196b3adb8e68851f4f4eff84/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2a16325d6196b3adb8e68851f4f4eff84/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InProceedings"/><swrc:date>Mon Jun 06 08:39:59 CEST 2011</swrc:date><swrc:booktitle>COLING</swrc:booktitle><swrc:title>A Graph Model for Unsupervised Lexical Acquisition</swrc:title><swrc:year>2002</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>disambiguation ontology_learning tag unsupervised </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/C/C02/C02-1114.pdf" swrc:key="ee"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="DBLP, http://dblp.uni-trier.de" swrc:key="bibsource"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Dominic Widdows"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Beate Dorow"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2bc2db861553400120508cc0b48f7f487/bluedolphin"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2bc2db861553400120508cc0b48f7f487/bluedolphin"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InProceedings"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/ekaw/ekaw2010.html#RamezaniWBZ10"/><swrc:date>Fri Feb 25 11:22:12 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:booktitle>EKAW</swrc:booktitle><swrc:pages>381-390</swrc:pages><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="Springer"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:series>Lecture Notes in Computer Science</swrc:series><swrc:title>Using Machine Learning to Support Continuous Ontology Development.</swrc:title><swrc:volume>6317</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2010</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>my_thesis ontology_learning ontology_maturing myown </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16438-5_28" swrc:key="ee"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="978-3-642-16437-8" swrc:key="isbn"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Maryam Ramezani"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Hans Friedrich Witschel"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Simone Braun"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Valentin Zacharias"/></rdf:_4></rdf:Seq></swrc:author><swrc:editor><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Philipp Cimiano"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Helena Sofia Pinto"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:editor></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/295b0f4f7c9c628e032d8bb4c69b432ed/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/295b0f4f7c9c628e032d8bb4c69b432ed/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.springerlink.com/content/j4g22112l7k00833/"/><swrc:date>Thu Feb 17 17:43:27 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:journal>Information Technology and Management</swrc:journal><swrc:number>3</swrc:number><swrc:pages>241--252</swrc:pages><swrc:title>Ontology learning: state of the art and open issues</swrc:title><swrc:volume>8</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2007</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>ol_web2.0 ontology ontology_learning semantic semanticweb toread toread_dbe overview </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>Abstract\&amp;nbsp;\&amp;nbsp;Ontology is one of the fundamental cornerstones of the semantic Web. The pervasive use of ontologies in information sharing and knowledge management calls for efficient and effective approaches to ontology development. Ontology learning, which seeks to discover ontological knowledge from various forms of data automatically or semi-automatically, can overcome the bottleneck of ontology acquisition in ontology development. Despite the significant progress in ontology learning research over the past decade, there remain a number of open problems in this field. This paper provides a comprehensive review and discussion of major issues, challenges, and opportunities in ontology learning. We propose a new learning-oriented model for ontology development and a framework for ontology learning. Moreover, we identify and discuss important dimensions for classifying ontology learning approaches and techniques. In light of the impact of domain on choosing ontology learning approaches, we summarize domain characteristics that can facilitate future ontology learning effort. The paper offers a road map and a variety of insights about this fast-growing field.</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2010-06-01 16:18:37" swrc:key="timestamp"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10799-007-0019-5" swrc:key="0"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="95b0f4f7c9c628e032d8bb4c69b432ed" swrc:key="intrahash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="1719627" swrc:key="misc_id"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="zhou2007ontology.pdf:zhou2007ontology.pdf:PDF" swrc:key="file"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="3" swrc:key="priority"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="78b6d3db998dcd27c475dfff3816f48f" swrc:key="interhash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2009-02-13 15:22:56" swrc:key="at"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="1" swrc:key="journalpub"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="10.1007/s10799-007-0019-5" swrc:key="doi"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Lina Zhou"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b7eb173bc2c3dd1311a24ae9a96e5c2c/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2b7eb173bc2c3dd1311a24ae9a96e5c2c/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://nlp.suda.edu.cn/~gdzhou/publication/zhougd2010_INS_ContextSensitiveTreeKernelforRelationExtraction.pdf"/><swrc:date>Thu Feb 17 17:43:27 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:address>Tarrytown, NY, USA</swrc:address><swrc:journal>Information Process Managegement</swrc:journal><swrc:number>3</swrc:number><swrc:pages>1008--1021</swrc:pages><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="Pergamon Press, Inc."/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>Hierarchical learning strategy in semantic relation extraction</swrc:title><swrc:volume>44</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2008</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>ol_web2.0 ontology_learning toread toread_dbe methods_from_text </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>This paper proposes a novel tree kernel-based method with rich syntactic and semantic information for the extraction of semantic relations between named entities. With a parse tree and an entity pair, we first construct a rich semantic relation tree structure to integrate both syntactic and semantic information. And then we propose a context-sensitive convolution tree kernel, which enumerates both context-free and context-sensitive sub-trees by considering the paths of their ancestor nodes as their contexts to capture structural information in the tree structure. An evaluation on the Automatic Content Extraction/Relation Detection and Characterization (ACE RDC) corpora shows that the proposed tree kernelbased method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2010-06-10 10:51:05" swrc:key="timestamp"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="b7eb173bc2c3dd1311a24ae9a96e5c2c" swrc:key="intrahash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="0306-4573" swrc:key="issn"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="zhou2008hierarchical.pdf:zhou2008hierarchical.pdf:PDF" swrc:key="file"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="e5e2d51cf1f3a6d5efc3bd25c40602c8" swrc:key="interhash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="1" swrc:key="journalpub"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2007.07.007" swrc:key="doi"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="GuoDong Zhou"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Min Zhang"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="DongHong Ji"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="QiaoMing Zhu"/></rdf:_4></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2dd698b5ee4d93496d11627cbe1615514/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2dd698b5ee4d93496d11627cbe1615514/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InProceedings"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://CEUR-WS.org/Vol-405/paper8.pdf"/><swrc:date>Thu Feb 17 17:43:19 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:booktitle>Proceedings of the Workshop Social Data on the Web (SDoW2008)</swrc:booktitle><swrc:crossref>CEUR-WS.org/Vol-405</swrc:crossref><swrc:title>Semantify del.icio.us: Automatically Turn your Tags into Senses</swrc:title><swrc:year>2008</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>disambiguation ol_web2.0 ontology_learning tag_concept_mapping taggingsurvey toread toread_dbe </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>At present tagging is experimenting a great diffusion as the most adopted way to collaboratively classify resources over the Web. In this paper, after a detailed analysis of the attempts made to improve the organization and structure of tagging systems as well as the usefulness of this kind of social data, we propose and evaluate the Tag Disambiguation Algorithm, mining del.icio.us data. It allows to easily semantify the tags of the users of a tagging service: it automatically finds out for each tag the related concept of Wikipedia in order to describe Web resources through senses. On the basis of a set of evaluation tests, we analyze all the advantages of our sense-based way of tagging, proposing new methods to keep the set of users tags more consistent or to classify the tagged resources on the basis of Wikipedia categories, YAGO classes or Wordnet synsets. We discuss also how our semanitified social tagging data are strongly linked to DBPedia and the datasets of the Linked Data community. 1</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2009-09-27 15:57:13" swrc:key="timestamp"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dd698b5ee4d93496d11627cbe1615514" swrc:key="intrahash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="tesconi2008semantify.pdf:tesconi2008semantify.pdf:PDF" swrc:key="file"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="0c1c96b41a0af8512c20a7d41504640f" swrc:key="interhash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Maurizio Tesconi"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Francesco Ronzano"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Andrea Marchetti"/></rdf:_3><rdf:_4><swrc:Person swrc:name="Salvatore Minutoli"/></rdf:_4></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/223b133bc2e6a4e00ab243efa98a02a12/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/223b133bc2e6a4e00ab243efa98a02a12/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#MasterThesis"/><swrc:date>Thu Feb 17 17:43:15 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:address>Kassel</swrc:address><swrc:school><swrc:University swrc:name="University of Kassel"/></swrc:school><swrc:title>Lernen von Ontologien aus kollaborativen Tagging-Systemen</swrc:title><swrc:type>Master Thesis</swrc:type><swrc:year>2009</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>master_thesis ol_web2.0 ontology_learning </swrc:keywords><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2009-07-24 15:54:22" swrc:key="timestamp"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="23b133bc2e6a4e00ab243efa98a02a12" swrc:key="intrahash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="9426b67db29c7270955ae22202c28c82" swrc:key="interhash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Stefan Stützer"/></rdf:_1></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/28f39e7ac43a97719c5a746da02dbd964/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/28f39e7ac43a97719c5a746da02dbd964/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InProceedings"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/acl/acl2006.html#SnowJN06"/><swrc:date>Thu Feb 17 17:43:08 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:booktitle>ACL</swrc:booktitle><swrc:crossref>conf/acl/2006</swrc:crossref><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="The Association for Computer Linguistics"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>Semantic Taxonomy Induction from Heterogenous Evidence.</swrc:title><swrc:year>2006</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>ol ol_web2.0 ontology_learning taxonomies toread toread_dbe methods_concepthierarchy </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>We propose a novel algorithm for inducing semantic taxonomies. Previous algorithms for taxonomy induction have typically focused on independent classifiers for discovering new single relationships based on hand-constructed or automatically discovered textual patterns. By contrast, our algorithm flexibly incorporates evidence from multiple classifiers over heterogenous relationships to optimize the entire structure of the taxonomy, using knowledge of a word’s coordinate terms to help in determining its hypernyms, and vice versa. We apply our algorithm on the problem of sense-disambiguated noun hyponym acquisition, where we combine the predictions of hypernym and coordinate term classifiers with the knowledge in a preexisting semantic taxonomy (WordNet 2.1). We add 10; 000 novel synsets to WordNet 2.1 at 84% precision, a relative error reduction of 70% over a non-joint algorithm using the same component classifiers. Finally, we show that a taxonomy built using our algorithm shows a 23% relative F-score improvement over WordNet 2.1 on an independent testset of hypernym pairs.</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2010-10-25 15:06:10" swrc:key="timestamp"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P06/P06-1101.pdf" swrc:key="ee"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="8f39e7ac43a97719c5a746da02dbd964" swrc:key="intrahash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="snow2006semantic.pdf:snow2006semantic.pdf:PDF" swrc:key="file"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="c0f5a3a22faa8dc4b61c9a717a6c9037" swrc:key="interhash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Rion Snow"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Daniel Jurafsky"/></rdf:_2><rdf:_3><swrc:Person swrc:name="Andrew Y. Ng"/></rdf:_3></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b5f12aecb395b0e5bf4b03b816a46c03/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/2b5f12aecb395b0e5bf4b03b816a46c03/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#Article"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/MIS.2008.45"/><swrc:date>Thu Feb 17 17:43:07 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:address>Los Alamitos, CA, USA</swrc:address><swrc:journal>IEEE Intelligent Systems</swrc:journal><swrc:number>3</swrc:number><swrc:pages>50-60</swrc:pages><swrc:publisher><swrc:Organization swrc:name="IEEE Computer Society"/></swrc:publisher><swrc:title>Games with a Purpose for the Semantic Web</swrc:title><swrc:volume>23</swrc:volume><swrc:year>2008</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>games mwa ol_web2.0 ontology_learning semantic_web widely_related </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>Weaving the Semantic Web requires that humans contribute their labor and judgment for creating, extending, and updating formal knowledge structures. Hiding such tasks behind online multiplayer games presents the tasks as fun and intellectually challenging entertainment.</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2010-03-04 11:14:58" swrc:key="timestamp"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="b5f12aecb395b0e5bf4b03b816a46c03" swrc:key="intrahash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="1541-1672" swrc:key="issn"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="siorpaes2008games.pdf:siorpaes2008games.pdf:PDF" swrc:key="file"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="9852833e23b841db871ed6776f78922b" swrc:key="interhash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="1" swrc:key="journalpub"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MIS.2008.45" swrc:key="doi"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="Katharina Siorpaes"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="Martin Hepp"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/266bec053541e521fbe68c0119806ae49/dbenz"><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://www.bibsonomy.org/uri/bibtex/266bec053541e521fbe68c0119806ae49/dbenz"/><rdf:type rdf:resource="http://swrc.ontoware.org/ontology#InProceedings"/><owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?isnumber=5273826&amp;arnumber=5273871&amp;count=156&amp;index=116"/><swrc:date>Thu Feb 17 17:43:07 CET 2011</swrc:date><swrc:booktitle>Applications of Digital Information and Web Technologies, 2009. ICADIWT &#039;09. Second International Conference on the</swrc:booktitle><swrc:month>Aug.</swrc:month><swrc:pages>446-451</swrc:pages><swrc:title>Semi-automatic extraction and modeling of ontologies using Wikipedia XML Corpus</swrc:title><swrc:year>2009</swrc:year><swrc:keywords>learning ol_web2.0 ontology ontology_learning semi_automatic wikipedia data_wikis </swrc:keywords><swrc:abstract>This paper introduces WikiOnto: a system that assists in the extraction and modeling of topic ontologies in a semi-automatic manner using a preprocessed document corpus derived from Wikipedia. Based on the Wikipedia XML Corpus, we present a three-tiered framework for extracting topic ontologies in quick time and a modeling environment to refine these ontologies. Using natural language processing (NLP) and other machine learning (ML) techniques along with a very rich document corpus, this system proposes a solution to a task that is generally considered extremely cumbersome. The initial results of the prototype suggest strong potential of the system to become highly successful in ontology extraction and modeling and also inspire further research on extracting ontologies from other semi-structured document corpora as well.</swrc:abstract><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="2010-02-23 12:54:40" swrc:key="timestamp"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="dbenz" swrc:key="username"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="66bec053541e521fbe68c0119806ae49" swrc:key="intrahash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="silva2009semiautomatic.pdf:silva2009semiautomatic.pdf:PDF" swrc:key="file"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="c1996cb9e69de56e2bb2f8e763fe0482" swrc:key="interhash"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="10.1109/ICADIWT.2009.5273871" swrc:key="doi"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:Field swrc:value="public" swrc:key="groups"/></swrc:hasExtraField><swrc:author><rdf:Seq><rdf:_1><swrc:Person swrc:name="L. De Silva"/></rdf:_1><rdf:_2><swrc:Person swrc:name="L. Jayaratne"/></rdf:_2></rdf:Seq></swrc:author></rdf:Description><foaf:Group rdf:about="http://www.bibsonomy.org/tag/ontology_learning"><foaf:name>ontology_learning</foaf:name><description>Community for tag(s) ontology_learning</description></foaf:Group></rdf:RDF>
