BibSonomy publications for /user/dnoack/wismasys0809Mon Nov 10 22:22:10 CET 2008215-228The structure and function of communication in society2007communication function society structure wismasys0809 Mon Nov 10 22:21:21 CET 2008Proceedings of the 16thConference on World Wide Web211-220The complex dynamics of collaborative tagging2007collaborative_tagging complex_dynamics wismasys0809 The debate within the Web community over the optimal means by which to organize information often pits formalized classifications against distributed collaborative tagging systems. A number of questions remain unanswered, however, regarding the nature of collaborative tagging systems including whether coherent categorization schemes can emerge from unsupervised tagging by users. This paper uses data from the social bookmarking site del.icio.us to examine the dynamics of collaborative tagging systems. In particular, we examine whether the distribution of the frequency of use of tags for "popular" sites with a long history (many tags and many users) can be described by a power law distribution, often characteristic of what are considered complex systems. We produce a generative model of collaborative tagging in order to understand the basic dynamics behind tagging, including how a power law distribution of tags could arise. We empirically examine the tagging history of sites in order to determine how this distribution arises over time and to determine the patterns prior to a stable distribution. Lastly, by focusing on the high-frequency tags of a site where the distribution of tags is a stabilized power law, we show how tag co-occurrence networks for a sample domain of tags can be used to analyze the meaning of particular tags given their relationship to other tags.Mon Nov 10 22:20:40 CET 2008Password20-31HoppenstedtFirmendatenbank. Firmenauskünfte und Marketing via WWW oder CD-ROM. Die Qual der Wahl22002cd-rom hoppenstedt marketing wismasys0809 www Die Hoppenstedt Firmeninformationen GmbH bietet eine Palette von abgeleiteten Produkten aus einer einzigen Datenbank an: der Firmendatenbank. Aus dieser Gesamtdatenbasis heraus werden sowohl Internet-Versionen als auch CD-ROM-Editionen geschnitten und produziert. Die verschiedenen Distributionswege beinhalten demgemäß verschiedene Applikationen. Hoppenstedt selbst unterscheidet streng zwischen Auskunfts- und Marketing-Versionen. Welche Richtung soll der potentielle Nutzer einschlagen, um zu seinen gewünschten Informationen über deutsche Unternehmen zu gelangen? Warum werden Firmeninformationen ein und desselben Anbieters einmal als Internet- und einmal als CD-ROMVariante vermarktet? Wo liegen die jeweiligen Unterschiede? Kommt ein Profi-Nutzer mit dem Erwerb nur einer Lizenz aus? Oder ist demgegenüber aufgrund des vielfältigen Produktangebots eine detaillierte Auswahl für den Nutzer eher effektiver und kostengünstiger als ein "Universalpaket"? Die Hoppenstedt Firmeninformationen GmbH offeriert beachtenswerte Teilprodukte. Wir vergleichen.Mon Nov 10 22:20:06 CET 2008FirstCognitive Work Analysis : Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work 1999CWA cognitive_work_analysis computer_based_work wismasys0809 This book describes, for the first time in pedagogical form, an approach to computer-based work in complex sociotechnical systems developed over the last 30 years by Jens Rasmussen and his colleagues at Risø National Laboratory in Roskilde, Denmark. This approach is represented by a framework called cognitive work analysis. Its goal is to help designers of complex sociotechnical systems create computer-based information support that helps workers adapt to the unexpected and changing demands of their jobs. In short, cognitive work analysis is about designing for adaptation. The book is divided into four parts. Part I provides a motivation by introducing three themes that tie the book together--safety, productivity, and worker health. The ecological approach that serves as the conceptual basis behind the book is also described. In addition, a glossary of terms is provided. Part II situates the ideas in the book in a broader intellectual context by reviewing alternative approaches to work analysis. The limitations of normative and descriptive approaches are outlined, and the rationale behind the formative approach advocated in this book is explored. Part III describes the concepts that comprise the cognitive work analysis framework in detail. Each concept is illustrated by a case study, and the implications of the framework for design and research are illustrated by example. Part IV unifies the themes of safety, productivity, and health, and shows why the need for the concepts in this book will only increase in the future. In addition, a historical addendum briefly describes the origins of the ideas described in the book.Mon Nov 10 22:18:23 CET 2008NewUnderstanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design1987cognition computers design wismasys0809 This volume is a theoretical and practical approach to the design of computer technology. Mon Nov 10 22:17:47 CET 2008FirstCognitive Systems Engineering1994CWA cognitive_engineering cognitive_work_analysis system wismasys0809 The first comprehensive guide to designing highly usable, fully integrated computer-based information systems. Traditional human-computer interaction (HCI) and system design models have proven too narrow to adequately assess user needs and to design usable and efficient computer-based information support systems. Taking modeling concepts from engineering, psychology, cognitive science, information science, and computer science, cognitive systems engineering (CSE) provides a much broader, more dynamic framework. This book is the first comprehensive guide to the emerging new field of cognitive systems engineering. Throughout, the emphasis is on powerful analytical techniques that enhance the systems designer's ability to see the "big picture," and to design for all crucial aspects of human-work interaction. Applicable to highly structured technical systems such as process plants, as well as less structured user-driven systems like libraries, these analytical techniques form the basis for the design and design evaluation guidelines that make up the bulk of this book. The authors also provide a chapter-length case history in which they chronicle the success of their approach when applied to a full-scale software design project.Mon Nov 10 22:16:40 CET 2008FirstThe Turn: Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context2005information_retrieval information_seeking wismasys0809 The Turn analyzes the research of information seeking and retrieval (IS&R) and proposes a new direction of integrating research in these two areas: the fields should turn off their separate and narrow paths and construct a new avenue of research. An essential direction for this avenue is context as given in the subtitle Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context. Other essential themes in the book include: IS&R research models, frameworks and theories; search and works tasks and situations in context; interaction between humans and machines; information acquisition, relevance and information use; research design and methodology based on a structured set of explicit variables - all set into the holistic cognitive approach. The present monograph invites the reader into a construction project - there is much research to do for a contextual understanding of IS&R. The Turn represents a wide-ranging perspective of IS&R by providing a novel unique research framework, covering both individual and social aspects of information behavior, including the generation, searching, retrieval and use of information. Regarding traditional laboratory information retrieval research, the monograph proposes the extension of research toward actors, search and work tasks, IR interaction and utility of information. Regarding traditional information seeking research, it proposes the extension toward information access technology and work task contexts. The Turn is the first synthesis of research in the broad area of IS&R ranging from systems oriented laboratory IR research to social science oriented information seeking studies. Mon Nov 10 22:16:02 CET 2008SecondThe Organization of Information2003information organization wismasys0809 Like its previous edition, this second edition examines many of the tools, standards, theories, and principles underlying the organization of information in different types of environments. Chapters are devoted to the organization and development of recorded information, retrieval tools, encoding standards, subject analysis, systems for vocabulary control and categorization, and arrangement and display. This edition offers readers a new chapter on metadata and new sections treating digital libraries, information architecture, knowledge management, pathfinders, search engines, and bibliographic classifications and taxonomies, among other topics. Chapters have been updated, and many have been revised and expanded. The chapter about systems and system designs is a prime example, having been rewritten to reflect changes within the field and now featured more prominently in the book. These changes yield an extremely well-designed, structured, and articulated work, noteworthy for its clarity and usability. A fine contribution to the field of library and information science. RBBMon Nov 10 22:15:45 CET 2008Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report1998bibliographic requirements wismasys0809 Mon Nov 10 22:15:14 CET 200819-35Bibliographic relationships2001bibliographic_relationships bibliography wismasys0809 With a goal of improving retrieval in bibliographic environments, this volume takes stock of what we know about relationships in the overall bibliographic domain, with particular emphasis on relationships between subjects, relationships among bibliographic entities, and relationships between subject content and user needs. The volume presents the current state of the art in examining the expression of relationships in some of the best thesauri and classification schemes in use throughout the world. It also looks to the future by providing guidance for relational tasks now taking on greater significance, as retrieval systems increasingly operate in automated modes and as retrieval systems cross linguistic, cultural, and disciplinary boundaries. By bringing together in one place the perspectives of some of the most prominent persons working in this arena, this volume should be of interest to researchers from library and information science, as well as computer science (artificial intelligence, knowledge representation, information retrieval, natural language processing), and to many practitioners, including: developers of thesauri and classification schemes; developers of Web search engines and search directories; indexers and subject cataloguers; and professional searchers.Mon Nov 10 22:14:34 CET 2008Journal of Documentation5582-597A substantive theory of classification for information retrieval612005classification information_retrieval substantive_theory wismasys0809 Purpose – To suggest that a theory of classification for information retrieval (IR), asked for by Spa¨rck Jones in a 1970 paper, presupposes a full implementation of a pragmatic understanding. Part of the Journal of Documentation celebration, “60 years of the best in information research”. Design/methodology/approach – Literature-based conceptual analysis, taking Spa¨rck Jones as its starting-point. Analysis involves distinctions between “positivism” and “pragmatism” and “classical” versus Kuhnian understandings of concepts. Findings – Classification, both manual and automatic, for retrieval benefits from drawing upon a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques, a consideration of theories of meaning, and the adding of top-down approaches to IR in which divisions of labour, domains, traditions, genres, document architectures etc. are included as analytical elements and in which specific IR algorithms are based on the examination of specific literatures. Introduces an example illustrating the consequences of a full implementation of a pragmatist understanding when handling homonyms. Practical implications – Outlines how to classify from a pragmatic-philosophical point of view. Originality/value – Provides, emphasizing a pragmatic understanding, insights of importance to classification for retrieval, both manual and automatic.Mon Nov 10 22:13:06 CET 2008Journal of Documentation5571 - 581Some thoughts on classification for retrieval612005classification information_retrieval retrieval wismasys0809 Purpose – This paper, originally published in 1970, considered the suggestion that classifications for retrieval should be constructed automatically and raised some serious problems concerning the sorts of classification which were required, and the way in which formal classification theories should be exploited, given that a retrieval classification is required for a purpose. These difficulties had not been sufficiently considered, and the paper, therefore, aims to attempt an analysis of them, though no solutions of immediate application could be suggested. Design/methodology/approach – Starting with the illustrative proposition that a polythetic, multiple, unordered classification is required in automatic thesaurus construction, this is considered in the context of classification in general, where eight sorts of classification can be distinguished, each covering a range of class definitions and class-finding algorithms. Findings – Since there is generally no natural or best classification of a set of objects as such, the evaluation of alternative classifications requires either formal criteria of goodness of fit, or, if a classification is required for a purpose, a precise statement of that purpose. In any case a substantive theory of classification is needed, which does not exist; and, since sufficiently precise specifications of retrieval requirements are also lacking, the only currently available approach to automatic classification experiments for information retrieval is to do enough of them. Originality/value – Gives insights into the classification of material for information retrieval.Mon Nov 10 22:12:31 CET 20085139-15Detection as multi-topic tracking2002detection multi-topic_tracking wismasys0809 Mon Nov 10 22:11:46 CET 2008The use of on-line databases for bibliometrics analysis1988bibliometrics_analysis databases online_databases wismasys0809 Mon Nov 10 22:10:55 CET 2008Collective dynamics of "small-world" networks1998collective_dynamics networks small-world wismasys0809 Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators, Josephson junction arrays, excitable medial, neural networks, spatial games, genetic control networks and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social -networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation15). The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans,the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices. Mon Nov 10 22:07:21 CET 2008Diameter of the World-Wide Web1999diameter wismasys0809 world_wide_web www "Despite its increasing role in communication, the World-Wide Web remains uncontrolled: any individual or institution can create a website with any number of documents and links. This unregulated growth leads to a huge and complex web, which becomes a large directed graph whose vertices are documents and whose edges are links (URLs) that point from one document to another. The topology of this graph determines the web's connectivity and consequently how effectively we can locate information on it. But its enormous size (estimated to be at least 8108 documents1) and the continual changing of documents and links make it impossible to catalogue all the vertices and edges."Mon Nov 10 22:06:15 CET 2008Scientific American528-37The semantic Web2842001semantic_web web_3.0 wismasys0809 Mon Nov 10 22:04:33 CET 200810 Alice St., Binghamton, NY 13904-1580 Dictionary of BibliometricsISBN-1-56024-852-1Dictionary of Bibliometrics1994bibliometrics dictionary wismasys0809 This dictionary explains 225 terms used in bibliometrics, and it provides nontechnical definitions of bibliometric concepts and suggests sources where more information can be found about the defined term. Special features include sample references, cross references, variants (synonyms), and an index of names. The introduction relates the terms of bibliometrics, informetrics, and scientometrics; describes the areas of scholarly communication and evaluation of information services; and explains mathematical terminology and symbols. (AEF)Mon Nov 10 22:03:44 CET 2008Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and TechnologyTechnology indicators based on patents and patent citations.1988patent_citations patents technology_indicators wismasys0809 Mon Nov 10 22:02:38 CET 2008patent no. US 2005/0060312 A1Systems and methods for improving the ranking of news articles2003method news_articles ranking system wismasys0809