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Science 2.0 generally refers to new practices of scientists who post raw experimental results, nascent theories, claims of discovery and draft papers on the Web for others to see and comment on. Proponents say these “open access” practices make scientific progress more collaborative and therefore more productive. Critics say scientists who put preliminary findings online risk having others copy or exploit the work to gain credit or even patents. Despite pros and cons, Science 2.0 sites are beginning to proliferate; one notable example is the OpenWetWare project started by biological engi­neers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The robustness of a watermarking scheme based on the discrete fractional random transform has been investigated and demonstrated to be superior to those based on the discrete cosine transform, discrete fractional Fourier transform, and discrete Fourier transform. The spectrum distribution of the discrete fractional random transform is random and uniform, which guarantees good robustness. In addition, the discrete fractional random transform itself can serve as a secret key, and can provide high ...