Determining affective states such as confusion from students' participation in online discussion forums can be useful for instructors of a large classroom. However, manual annotation of forum posts by instructors or paid crowd workers is both time-consuming and expensive. In this work, we harness affordances prevalent in social media to allow students to self-annotate their discussion posts with a set of hashtags and emojis, a process that is fast and cheap. For students, self-annotation with hashtags and emojis provides another channel for self-expression, as well as a way to signal to instructors and other students on the lookout for certain types of messages. This method also provides an easy way to acquire a labeled dataset of affective states, allowing us distinguish between more nuanced emotions such as confusion and curiosity. From a dataset of over 25,000 discussion posts from two courses containing self-annotated posts by students, we demonstrate how we can identify linguistic differences between posts expressing confusion versus curiosity, achieving 83\% accuracy at distinguishing between the two affective states.
%0 Conference Paper
%1 citeulike:14346925
%A Zhang, Amy X.
%A Igo, Michele
%A Facciotti, Marc
%A Karger, David
%B Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale
%C New York, NY, USA
%D 2017
%I ACM
%K annotation, las2017, mooc
%P 319--322
%R 10.1145/3051457.3054014
%T Using Student Annotated Hashtags and Emojis to Collect Nuanced Affective States
%U http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3051457.3054014
%X Determining affective states such as confusion from students' participation in online discussion forums can be useful for instructors of a large classroom. However, manual annotation of forum posts by instructors or paid crowd workers is both time-consuming and expensive. In this work, we harness affordances prevalent in social media to allow students to self-annotate their discussion posts with a set of hashtags and emojis, a process that is fast and cheap. For students, self-annotation with hashtags and emojis provides another channel for self-expression, as well as a way to signal to instructors and other students on the lookout for certain types of messages. This method also provides an easy way to acquire a labeled dataset of affective states, allowing us distinguish between more nuanced emotions such as confusion and curiosity. From a dataset of over 25,000 discussion posts from two courses containing self-annotated posts by students, we demonstrate how we can identify linguistic differences between posts expressing confusion versus curiosity, achieving 83\% accuracy at distinguishing between the two affective states.
%@ 978-1-4503-4450-0
@inproceedings{citeulike:14346925,
abstract = {{Determining affective states such as confusion from students' participation in online discussion forums can be useful for instructors of a large classroom. However, manual annotation of forum posts by instructors or paid crowd workers is both time-consuming and expensive. In this work, we harness affordances prevalent in social media to allow students to self-annotate their discussion posts with a set of hashtags and emojis, a process that is fast and cheap. For students, self-annotation with hashtags and emojis provides another channel for self-expression, as well as a way to signal to instructors and other students on the lookout for certain types of messages. This method also provides an easy way to acquire a labeled dataset of affective states, allowing us distinguish between more nuanced emotions such as confusion and curiosity. From a dataset of over 25,000 discussion posts from two courses containing self-annotated posts by students, we demonstrate how we can identify linguistic differences between posts expressing confusion versus curiosity, achieving 83\% accuracy at distinguishing between the two affective states.}},
added-at = {2017-11-15T17:02:25.000+0100},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
author = {Zhang, Amy X. and Igo, Michele and Facciotti, Marc and Karger, David},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2cadf2982269b7bc087ac61236859ab62/brusilovsky},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale},
citeulike-article-id = {14346925},
citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3054014},
citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3051457.3054014},
comment = {(private-note)Comments in an annotation system could be extended with emojis, the paper offers analysis},
doi = {10.1145/3051457.3054014},
interhash = {b423936795ab5f1a5442e3783453c0a8},
intrahash = {cadf2982269b7bc087ac61236859ab62},
isbn = {978-1-4503-4450-0},
keywords = {annotation, las2017, mooc},
location = {Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA},
pages = {319--322},
posted-at = {2017-04-29 17:50:16},
priority = {0},
publisher = {ACM},
series = {L@S '17},
timestamp = {2017-11-15T17:02:25.000+0100},
title = {{Using Student Annotated Hashtags and Emojis to Collect Nuanced Affective States}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3051457.3054014},
year = 2017
}