Abstract
This article on leading digits (Benford's Law) contains the following: (I) A
comprehensive study of the leading digits phenomena, attempting to touch on all
its existing explanations, proofs, and differing points of view. (II) The
finding that leading digits of random numbers derived from a chain of
distributions that are linked via parameter selection are logarithmic in the
limit, and that empirically only around 3 or 4 sequences of such a distribution
chain are needed to obtain results that are close enough to the logarithmic
(i.e. rapid convergence). (III) An account on the existence of singularities in
exponential growth rates with regards to the leading digits distributions of
their series. (IV) A summary of a few special distributions that are
intrinsically logarithmic. (V) A conceptual justification of Flehinger's
iterated averaging scheme - an algorithm that was presented without any clear
motivation. (VI) A note on the close relationship of Flehinger's scheme and the
chain of distribution above to Hill's super distribution. (VII) A compelling
argument justifying the scale invariance principle - a principle invoked in
derivations of Benford's law. (VIII) A note on the intimate connection between
one-sided tail to the right in density distributions and logarithmic leading
digit behavior. (IX) An initial belief that there are fundamentally two and
only two driving sources leading to the phenomena, one universal basis and
another more specific cause, and that the two sources often overlap. (X) Some
grand synthesis in relating these two sources and hence uniting all existing
explanations.
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