%0 Journal Article %1 Lund2005 %A Lund, John W. %A Freeston, Derek H. %A Boyd, Tonya L. %D 2005 %J Geothermics %K 2005 energy geothermal status %N 6 %P 691 - 727 %R 10.1016/j.geothermics.2005.09.003 %T Direct application of geothermal energy: 2005 Worldwide review %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2005.09.003 %V 34 %X This paper is a review of worldwide direct applications of geothermal energy. It attempts to update the surveys presented at and after the World Geothermal Congresses of 1995, 2000 and 2005. Seventy-two countries report direct utilization of geothermal energy. In May 2005, the direct-use projects had an estimated installed thermal capacity of 28,268 MWt. The thermal energy usage is 273,372 TJ/year (75,943 GWh/year), a 43\% increase over 2000; the annual compound growth rate is 7.5\%. The distribution of thermal energy used by category is approximately 32\% for geothermal heat pumps, 30\% for bathing and swimming (including balneology), 20\% for space heating (of which 83\% is for district heating), 7.5\% for greenhouse and open-ground heating, 4\% for industrial process heat, 4\% for aquaculture pond and raceway heating, <1\% for agricultural drying, <1\% for snow melting and cooling, and <0.5\% for other uses. The equivalent annual savings in fuel oil amounts to 170 million barrels (25.4 million tonnes) and 24 million tonnes in carbon emissions to the atmosphere.

@article{Lund2005, abstract = {This paper is a review of worldwide direct applications of geothermal energy. It attempts to update the surveys presented at and after the World Geothermal Congresses of 1995, 2000 and 2005. Seventy-two countries report direct utilization of geothermal energy. In May 2005, the direct-use projects had an estimated installed thermal capacity of 28,268 MWt. The thermal energy usage is 273,372 TJ/year (75,943 GWh/year), a 43\% increase over 2000; the annual compound growth rate is 7.5\%. The distribution of thermal energy used by category is approximately 32\% for geothermal heat pumps, 30\% for bathing and swimming (including balneology), 20\% for space heating (of which 83\% is for district heating), 7.5\% for greenhouse and open-ground heating, 4\% for industrial process heat, 4\% for aquaculture pond and raceway heating, <1\% for agricultural drying, <1\% for snow melting and cooling, and <0.5\% for other uses. The equivalent annual savings in fuel oil amounts to 170 million barrels (25.4 million tonnes) and 24 million tonnes in carbon emissions to the atmosphere.}, added-at = {2011-01-19T18:06:48.000+0100}, author = {Lund, John W. and Freeston, Derek H. and Boyd, Tonya L.}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/27f4bd172e0cd29f5ed80266ed0cf63c3/thorade}, description = {ScienceDirect - Geothermics : Direct application of geothermal energy: 2005 Worldwide review}, doi = {10.1016/j.geothermics.2005.09.003}, interhash = {ae6342b73af872b901ffb90ac8bbdea0}, intrahash = {7f4bd172e0cd29f5ed80266ed0cf63c3}, issn = {0375-6505}, journal = {Geothermics}, keywords = {2005 energy geothermal status}, number = 6, pages = {691 - 727}, timestamp = {2011-07-21T10:40:40.000+0200}, title = {Direct application of geothermal energy: 2005 Worldwide review}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2005.09.003}, volume = 34, year = 2005 }