Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from cyan to yellow
fluorescent proteins (CFP/YFP) is a well-established method to monitor
protein-protein interactions or conformational changes of individual
proteins. But protein functions can be perturbed by fusion of large
tags such as CFP and YFP. Here we use G protein-coupled receptor
(GPCR) activation in living cells as a model system to compare YFP
with the small, membrane-permeant fluorescein derivative with two
arsen-(III) substituents (fluorescein arsenical hairpin binder; FlAsH)
targeted to a short tetracysteine sequence. Insertion of CFP and
YFP into human adenosine A(2A) receptors allowed us to use FRET to
monitor receptor activation but eliminated coupling to adenylyl cyclase.
The CFP/FlAsH-tetracysteine system gave fivefold greater agonist-induced
FRET signals, similar kinetics (time constant of 66-88 ms) and perfectly
normal downstream signaling. Similar results were obtained for the
mouse alpha(2A)-adrenergic receptor. Thus, FRET from CFP to FlAsH
reports GPCR activation in living cells without disturbing receptor
function and shows that the small size of the tetracysteine-biarsenical
tag can be decisively advantageous.
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