I don’t know whether you said that a CEP application must necessarily have a model. It may have, or it may not. A rule-based approach (in its general acceptation) is not considered as a model. In the AI terminology, rules are considered as “shallow knowledge”, while models are considered as “deep knowledge”. Shallow knowledge expresses the people’s experience, links symptoms to causes directly, while deep knowledge establishes the links using a model, and the model can be interpreted. Shallow knowledge is very helpful in many cases, and as deep knowledge it also allows detecting situations. Of course, the cooperation of both is desirable to build more powerful systems. I did a rapid search, and below are 3 entries for reference:
J. Davidson, D. Savic, und G. Walters. Developments in Soft Computing, Seite 175--182. De Montfort University, Leicester, UK, Physica Verlag, (29-30 June 2000. 2001)
C. Gilbert. Eighth International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM-14). Available at (20/04/16) http://comp. social. gatech. edu/papers/icwsm14. vader. hutto. pdf, (2014)
M. Hearst. Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics-Volume 2, Seite 539--545. Association for Computational Linguistics Morristown, NJ, USA, (1992)
D. Kim, H. Cao, K. Jeong, F. Recknagel, und G. Joo. Ecological Modelling, 203 (1-2):
147--156(24 April 2007)Special Issue on Ecological Informatics:
Biologically-Inspired Machine Learning, 4th Conference
of the International Society for Ecological
Informatics.
P. Kluegl, M. Atzmueller, und F. Puppe. Proceedings of the Biennial GSCL Conference 2009, 2nd UIMA@GSCL Workshop, Seite 233-240. Gunter Narr Verlag, (2009)
E. Leonardi, F. Abel, D. Heckmann, E. Herder, J. Hidders, und G. Houben. Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE 2010), Vienna, Austria, July 5-9, 2010, Volume 6189 von Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Seite 322-336. Springer, (2010)