Psychology of Addictive Behaviors Vol. 31, Iss. 8,  (Dec 2017): 897-906. Contingency management (CM) interventions consistently improve substance abuse treatment outcomes, yet CM remains a highly controversial intervention and is rarely implemented in practice settings. This article briefly outlines the evidence base of CM and then describes 4 of the most often-cited concerns about it: philosophical, motivational, durability, and economic.. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details.