Abstract
Organic–inorganic perovskite photovoltaics are an emerging solar technology. Developing materials and processing techniques that can be implemented in large-scale manufacturing is extremely important for realizing the potential of commercialization. Here we report a hot-casting process with controlled Cl− incorporation which enables high stability and high power-conversion-efficiencies (PCEs) of 18.2% for small area (0.09 cm2) and 15.4% for large-area (≈1 cm2) single solar cells. The enhanced performance versus tri-iodide perovskites can be ascribed to longer carrier diffusion lengths, improved uniformity of the perovskite film morphology, favorable perovskite crystallite orientation, a halide concentration gradient in the perovskite film, and reduced recombination by introducing Cl−. Additionally, Cl− improves the device stability by passivating the reaction between I− and the silver electrode. High-quality thin films deployed over a large-area 5 cm × 5 cm eight-cell module have been fabricated and exhibit an active-area PCE of 12.0%. The feasibility of material and processing strategies in industrial large-scale coating techniques is then shown by demonstrating a “dip-coating” process which shows promise for large throughput production of perovskite solar modules.
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