Abstract
The public support in photovoltaic (PV) technologies and increasing
markets have resulted in extensive applications of grid-connected
PV, in particular in the consumer side and electricity distribution
grid. In this paper, the effects of a high level of grid connected
PV in the middle voltage distribution network have been analyzed.
The emphasis is put on static phenomena, including voltage drop,
network losses and grid benefits. A multi-purpose modeling tool is
used for PV analysis in Lisbon and Helsinki climates. All network
types studied can handle PV without problems with an amount of PV
equaling at least up to the load (1kWp/household). The comb-type
network showed the best performance. The PV is unable to shave the
domestic load peak in the early evening hours but through orientating
the PV panels both to east and west, the noon peak from PV can be
reduced by 30%. PV integration reduces network losses positively
up to a 1kWp/hh (100% of annual domestic load) level. For 2 kWp/hh
all but the comb-type networks demonstrate clear over-voltage situations
and the annual network losses are much higher than without PV.
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