Abstract
The effect of induced seismicity of geothermal systems during stimulation
and fluid circulation can cover a wide range of values from light
and unfelt to severe and damaging. If the design of a modern geothermal
system requires the largest efficiency to be obtained from the social
point of view it is required that the system could be managed in
order to reduce possible impact in advance. In this framework, automatic
control of the seismic response of the stimulated reservoir is nowadays
mandatory, particularly in proximity of densely populated areas.
Recently, techniques have been proposed for this purpose mainly based
on the concept of the traffic light. This system provides a tool
to decide the level of stimulation rate based on the real-time analysis
of the induced seismicity and the ongoing ground motion values. However,
in some cases the induced effect can be delayed with respect to the
time when the reservoir is stimulated. Thus, a controlling system
technique able to estimate the ground motion levels for different
time scales can help to better control the geothermal system. Here
we present an adaptation of the classical probabilistic seismic hazard
analysis to the case where the seismicity rate as well as the propagation
medium properties are not constant with time. We use a non-homogeneous
seismicity model for modeling purposes, in which the seismicity rate
and b-value of the recurrence relationship change with time. Additionally,
as a further controlling procedure, we propose a moving time window
analysis of the recorded peak ground-motion values aimed at monitoring
the changes in the propagation medium. In fact, for the same set
of magnitude values recorded at the same stations, we expect that
on average peak ground motion values attenuate in same way. As a
consequence, the residual differences can be reasonably ascribed
to changes in medium properties. These changes can be modeled and
directly introduced in the hazard integral. We applied the proposed
technique to a training dataset of induced earthquakes recorded by
Berkeley-Geysers network, which is installed in The Geysers geothermal
area in Northern California. The reliability of the techniques is
then tested by using a different dataset performing seismic hazard
analysis in a time-evolving approach, which provides with ground-motion
values having fixed probabilities of exceedence. Those values can
be finally compared with the observations by using appropriate statistical
tests.
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