Abstract
It has been proposed that the high concentrations of moderately siderophile
elements (e.g. Ni and Cc) in the Earth's mantle are the result of
metal-silicate equilibration at the base of a deep magma ocean that
formed during Earth's accretion. According to this model, liquid
metal ponds at the base of the magma ocean and, after equilibrating
chemically with the overlying silicate liquid at high pressure (e.g.
25-30 GPa), descends further as large diapirs to form the core. Here
we investigate the kinetics of metal-silicate equilibration in order
to test this model and place new constraints on processes of core
formation. We investigate two models: (1) Reaction between a layer
of segregated liquid metal and overlying silicate liquid at the base
of a convecting magma ocean, as described above. (2) Reaction between
dispersed metal droplets and silicate liquid in a magma ocean. In
the liquid-metal layer model, the convection velocity of the magma
ocean controls both the equilibration rate and the rate at which
the magma ocean cools. Results indicate that time scales of chemical
equilibration are two to three orders of magnitude longer than the
time scales of cooling and crystallization of the magma ocean. In
the falling metal droplet model, the droplet size and settling velocity
are critical parameters that we determine from fluid dynamics. For
likely silicate liquid viscosities, the stable droplet diameter is
estimated to be similar to1 cm and the settling velocity similar
to0.5 m/s. Using such parameters, liquid metal droplets are predicted
to equilibrate chemically after falling a distance of <200 m in a
magma ocean. The models indicate that the concentrations of moderately
siderophile elements in the mantle could be the result of chemical
interaction between settling metal droplets and silicate liquid in
a magma ocean but not between a segregated layer of liquid metal
and overlying silicate liquid at the base of the magma ocean. Finally,
due to fractionation effects, the depth of the magma ocean could
have been significantly different from the value suggested by the
apparent equilibration pressure. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All
rights reserved.
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