%0 Journal Article %1 aamodt95data %A Aamodt, Agnar %A Nygard, Mads %D 1995 %J Data & Knowledge Engineering %K research.cs.ai research.kr.dikw %N 3 %P 191--222 %R 10.1016/0169-023X(95)00017-M %T Different roles and mutual dependencies of data, information, and knowledge -- An AI perspective on their integration %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-023X(95)00017-M %V 16 %X The unclear distinction between data, information, and knowledge has impaired their combination and utilization for the development of integrated systems. There is need for a unified definitional model of data, information, and knowledge based on their roles in computational and cognitive information processing. An attempt to clarify these basic notions is made, and a conceptual framework for integration is suggested by focusing on their different roles and frames of reference within a decision-making process. On this basis, ways of integrating the functionalities of databases, information systems and knowledge-based systems are discussed by taking a knowledge level perspective to the analysis and modeling of systems behaviour. Motivated by recent work in the area of case-based reasoning related to decision support systems, it is further shown that a specific problem solving episode, or case, may be viewed as data, information, or knowledge, depending on its role in decision making and learning from experience. An outline of a case-based system architecture is presented, and used to show that a focus on the retaining and reuse of past cases facilitates a gradual and evolutionary transition from an information system to a knowledge-based system.

@article{aamodt95data, abstract = {The unclear distinction between data, information, and knowledge has impaired their combination and utilization for the development of integrated systems. There is need for a unified definitional model of data, information, and knowledge based on their roles in computational and cognitive information processing. An attempt to clarify these basic notions is made, and a conceptual framework for integration is suggested by focusing on their different roles and frames of reference within a decision-making process. On this basis, ways of integrating the functionalities of databases, information systems and knowledge-based systems are discussed by taking a knowledge level perspective to the analysis and modeling of systems behaviour. Motivated by recent work in the area of case-based reasoning related to decision support systems, it is further shown that a specific problem solving episode, or case, may be viewed as data, information, or knowledge, depending on its role in decision making and learning from experience. An outline of a case-based system architecture is presented, and used to show that a focus on the retaining and reuse of past cases facilitates a gradual and evolutionary transition from an information system to a knowledge-based system.}, added-at = {2008-08-18T14:24:28.000+0200}, author = {Aamodt, Agnar and Nygard, Mads}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2afdeb1cca9887d594f559e0835877cf2/msn}, citeulike-article-id = {593601}, doi = {10.1016/0169-023X(95)00017-M}, interhash = {a8680c2371d6aa7e8378f9a5cbb8120f}, intrahash = {afdeb1cca9887d594f559e0835877cf2}, journal = {Data \& Knowledge Engineering}, keywords = {research.cs.ai research.kr.dikw}, month = {September}, number = 3, pages = {191--222}, priority = {2}, timestamp = {2009-06-25T15:59:23.000+0200}, title = {Different roles and mutual dependencies of data, information, and knowledge -- An AI perspective on their integration}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-023X(95)00017-M}, volume = 16, year = 1995 }