The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public – and what private – lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research.
%0 Journal Article
%1 Sampat2006
%A Sampat, Bhaven N
%D 2006
%J Research Policy
%K Act,Patents,Raise,SpecificMechanisms,Technology Bayh-Dole transfer,USA,Universities
%N 6
%P 772--789
%R 10.1016/j.respol.2006.04.009
%T Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole
%U http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733306000692
%V 35
%X The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public – and what private – lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research.
@article{Sampat2006,
abstract = {The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public – and what private – lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research.},
added-at = {2012-02-27T06:11:36.000+0100},
author = {Sampat, Bhaven N},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2d84470c04d0ac766da7004004322ccb7/kamil205},
doi = {10.1016/j.respol.2006.04.009},
file = {:Users/Miguel/Dropbox/Escola/Artigos/Sampat\_2006\_Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century The world before and after Bayh-Dole.pdf:pdf},
interhash = {c7c46ae30ca543cd939f262cfd1f84ce},
intrahash = {d84470c04d0ac766da7004004322ccb7},
issn = {00487333},
journal = {Research Policy},
keywords = {Act,Patents,Raise,SpecificMechanisms,Technology Bayh-Dole transfer,USA,Universities},
mendeley-tags = {Raise,SpecificMechanisms,USA},
month = jul,
number = 6,
pages = {772--789},
timestamp = {2012-02-27T06:12:06.000+0100},
title = {{Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733306000692},
volume = 35,
year = 2006
}