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Chapter Ten - Conformationally restrained pentamethine cyanines and use in reductive single molecule localization microscopy

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641, page 225--244. Academic Press, (2020)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.042

Abstract

Pentamethine cyanines are a class of far-red fluorophores that find extensive use in single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), as well as a broad range of other techniques. A drawback of this scaffold is its relatively low quantum yields, which is due to excited state deactivation via trans-to-cis chromophore isomerization. Here we describe a synthetic strategy to improve the photon output of these molecules. In the key synthetic transformation, a protected dialdehyde precursor undergoes a cascade reaction that forms a tetracyclic ring system. The resulting conformationally restrained analogs exhibit improved fluorescence quantum yield and extended fluorescence lifetimes. These properties, together with their ability to efficiently recover from hydride reduction, enable a uniquely simple form of single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM).

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