Abstract
Growing recognition of the importance of long-distance
dispersal (LDD) of plant seeds for various ecological and
evolutionary processes has led to an upsurge of research
into the mechanisms underlying LDD. We summarize
these findings by formulating six generalizations stating
that LDD is generally more common in open terrestrial
landscapes, and is typically driven by large and
migratory animals, extreme meteorological phenomena,
ocean currents and human transportation, each trans-
porting a variety of seed morphologies. LDD is often
associated with unusual behavior of the standard vector
inferred from plant dispersal morphology, or mediated
by nonstandard vectors. To advance our understanding
of LDD, we advocate a vector-based research approach
that identifies the significant LDD vectors and quantifies
how environmental conditions modify their actions.
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