%0 Journal Article %1 kling2021global %A Kling, Matthew M. %A Ackerly, David D. %D 2021 %I National Academy of Sciences %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences %K biased_migration wind_pollination %N 17 %R 10.1073/pnas.2017317118 %T Global wind patterns shape genetic differentiation, asymmetric gene flow, and genetic diversity in trees %U https://www.pnas.org/content/118/17/e2017317118 %V 118 %X It is unknown whether wind currents shape large-scale gene flow in terrestrial organisms such as plants, though analogous river and ocean currents are known to strongly influence genetic patterns in aquatic organisms. We use newly developed “windscape” connectivity models in combination with a global multispecies forest genetics data set to demonstrate that wind shapes several distinct large-scale genetic patterns in many tree species, including population differentiation, migration direction, and genetic diversity. These findings advance our understanding of the spatial ecology and evolution of wind-dispersed and wind-pollinated plants. They also suggest that the geography of wind strength and direction could potentially influence patterns of forest vulnerability to human pressures like habitat fragmentation and climate change.Wind disperses the pollen and seeds of many plants, but little is known about whether and how it shapes large-scale landscape genetic patterns. We address this question by a synthesis and reanalysis of genetic data from more than 1,900 populations of 97 tree and shrub species around the world, using a newly developed framework for modeling long-term landscape connectivity by wind currents. We show that wind shapes three independent aspects of landscape genetics in plants with wind pollination or seed dispersal: populations linked by stronger winds are more genetically similar, populations linked by directionally imbalanced winds exhibit asymmetric gene flow ratios, and downwind populations have higher genetic diversity. For each of these distinct hypotheses, partial correlations between the respective wind and genetic metrics (controlling for distance and climate) are positive for a significant majority of wind-dispersed or wind-pollinated genetic data sets and increase significantly across functional groups expected to be increasingly influenced by wind. Together, these results indicate that the geography of both wind strength and wind direction play important roles in shaping large-scale genetic patterns across the world’s forests. These findings have implications for various aspects of basic plant ecology and evolution, as well as the response of biodiversity to future global change.This study is based on previously published genetic data from 72 publications. Citations to these studies, and results from our analysis, are included in Supplementary Data). The computer code for our analysis is deposited on Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4660801).

@article{kling2021global, abstract = {It is unknown whether wind currents shape large-scale gene flow in terrestrial organisms such as plants, though analogous river and ocean currents are known to strongly influence genetic patterns in aquatic organisms. We use newly developed {\textquotedblleft}windscape{\textquotedblright} connectivity models in combination with a global multispecies forest genetics data set to demonstrate that wind shapes several distinct large-scale genetic patterns in many tree species, including population differentiation, migration direction, and genetic diversity. These findings advance our understanding of the spatial ecology and evolution of wind-dispersed and wind-pollinated plants. They also suggest that the geography of wind strength and direction could potentially influence patterns of forest vulnerability to human pressures like habitat fragmentation and climate change.Wind disperses the pollen and seeds of many plants, but little is known about whether and how it shapes large-scale landscape genetic patterns. We address this question by a synthesis and reanalysis of genetic data from more than 1,900 populations of 97 tree and shrub species around the world, using a newly developed framework for modeling long-term landscape connectivity by wind currents. We show that wind shapes three independent aspects of landscape genetics in plants with wind pollination or seed dispersal: populations linked by stronger winds are more genetically similar, populations linked by directionally imbalanced winds exhibit asymmetric gene flow ratios, and downwind populations have higher genetic diversity. For each of these distinct hypotheses, partial correlations between the respective wind and genetic metrics (controlling for distance and climate) are positive for a significant majority of wind-dispersed or wind-pollinated genetic data sets and increase significantly across functional groups expected to be increasingly influenced by wind. Together, these results indicate that the geography of both wind strength and wind direction play important roles in shaping large-scale genetic patterns across the world{\textquoteright}s forests. These findings have implications for various aspects of basic plant ecology and evolution, as well as the response of biodiversity to future global change.This study is based on previously published genetic data from 72 publications. Citations to these studies, and results from our analysis, are included in Supplementary Data). The computer code for our analysis is deposited on Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4660801).}, added-at = {2021-04-20T17:20:29.000+0200}, author = {Kling, Matthew M. and Ackerly, David D.}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2f99c569c957b39d260f6b2627ab13c21/peter.ralph}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.2017317118}, elocation-id = {e2017317118}, eprint = {https://www.pnas.org/content/118/17/e2017317118.full.pdf}, interhash = {6e682df900afa3d8e7bfcb7862964f1d}, intrahash = {f99c569c957b39d260f6b2627ab13c21}, issn = {0027-8424}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, keywords = {biased_migration wind_pollination}, number = 17, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, timestamp = {2021-04-20T17:20:29.000+0200}, title = {Global wind patterns shape genetic differentiation, asymmetric gene flow, and genetic diversity in trees}, url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/118/17/e2017317118}, volume = 118, year = 2021 }