Cairo is a 2D graphics library with support for multiple output devices. Currently supported output targets include the X Window System, Win32, image buffers, and PostScript, PDF, and SVG file output. Experimental backends include OpenGL (through glitz), Quartz, and XCB.
Open CASCADE Technology is software development platform freely available in open source. It includes components for 3D surface and solid modeling, visualization, data exchange and rapid application development.
This Pure-Java library reads & writes a variety of image formats, including fast parsing of image info (size, color space, icc profile, etc.) and metadata.
This library is pure Java. It's slow, consequently, but perfectly portable. It's easier to use than ImageIO/JAI/Toolkit (Sun/Java's image support), supports more formats (and supports them more correctly). It also provides easy access to metadata.
Although not yet version 1.0, sanselan is working and is used by a number of projects in production.
Raphaël is a small JavaScript library that should simplify your work with vector graphics on the web. If you want to create your own specific chart or image crop and rotate widget, for example, you can achieve it simply and easily with this library.