Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 85, Iss. 12,  (Dec 2017): 1182-1198. Objective: Goal setting is a common feature of behavior change interventions, but it is unclear when goal setting is optimally effective. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to evaluate: (a) the unique effects of goal setting on behavior change, and (b) under what circumstances and for whom goal setting works best.. To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details.