Article,
The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations
Research Policy, 29 (2): 109-123 (2000/2)
Abstract
The Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations is compared
with alternative models for explaining the current research system
in its social contexts. Communications and negotiations between institutional
partners generate an overlay that increasingly reorganizes the underlying
arrangements. The institutional layer can be considered as the retention
mechanism of a developing system. For example, the national organization
of the system of innovation has historically been important in determining
competition. Reorganizations across industrial sectors and nation
states, however, are induced by new technologies (biotechnology,
ICT). The consequent transformations can be analyzed in terms of
(neo-)evolutionary mechanisms. University research may function increasingly
as a locus in the “laboratory” of such knowledge-intensive network
transitions.
