Book,

Faire campagne en ville : l'agriculture urbaine en Afrique de l'Est

, , , , , and .
(1995)

Meta data

Tags

Users

  • @rvilliers

Comments and Reviewsshow / hide

  • @breosanchez
    9 years ago
    Faire Campagne en Ville, or in its English version, “Cities feeding people” is a compilation of diagnosis and analysis made in different cities in East-Africa regarding the situation of the land crops within the urban delimitations. “Cities feeding people” starts with an introduction of the definition and historical situation of urban agriculture around the world, specifying that the cities land crops have always been close to the civilisation within the urban fabric. Thus, the document drive the reader into East African cases by describing a social-economic analysis of the urban land crops environment in Dar el Salaam, Kampala, Kenya and Addis Ababa. Finally, the document looks into the future by integrating the traditional and irregular land crops inside the cities borders into a political feasible context. The given document has been edited by six researchers (responsible for each part and case studies of the publication) from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in the head office in Ottawa, Canada. As a summary, IDRC is a national organisation which invests in knowledge, innovation, and solutions to improve lives and livelihoods in the developing world. Within the content of this document, the reader can identify some planning and political suggestions for the future which nowadays, in a rapidly land use modification scenario in cities, should be taken into consideration. This document includes a recently historical add value since it has been edited twenty years ago (1994). The knowledge of some traditional practices in danger in a rapidly growing urbanisation is crucial to contrast urban social-economic models. In order to guarantee an optimal situation, evolving cities in East-African (and in the entire World) should not fall into the mistake to repeat given foreign examples without keep an eye into its traditional idiosyncrasy. I would like to contrast my opinion based in three points of this document: 1) the importance of urban agriculture in East-African cities and its differences with European ones, 2) the reaction of local governments and 3) the integration of the urban agriculture into the African’s city’s planning. 1) The importance of urban agriculture in East-African cities and its differences with European ones: When analysing (and in some cases discovering) urban agriculture patterns in East-African cities, it is important to treat it very differently from its European homonym. As the author confirm, urban agriculture is a crucial topic in East-African cities. First of all (at least in 1994) close to half part of families in urban areas work as farmers in part or full time, a number that, from my point of view has not been too much modified since in 2006 only in Tanzania, 77% of total employment were in the agricultural sector (World Bank Data sources). Additionally, during the study made by the IDRC, half parts of urban farmers were immigrants living in cities like Dar el Salaam for 10-20 years and nowadays the war conflicts in its neighbour countries are directly related with a constant emigration to the city areas. It is important to highlight that the East-African Urban Agriculture is directly linked to the urban food production for consumption and income. This is a practice that increase the employment, creates an environmental balance by reusing the urban waste or promotes the equity of labour since an important part of farmers are women and do not need to spend time by moving out of the city. While the Urban Agriculture in Europe focus more in environmental friendly practices, its East-African homonym plays a crucial role into a social issue framework, as the author represents. I would like to highlight some ideas or perception which may change the point of view of land planning in developing countries to some planners. As the author shows, urban agriculture is seeing as a poverty reduction practice since a) increases the number of owners and reduce the monopoles b) it reduces the cost of food consumption in cities, c) reduces the mobility travel of workers who can instead join an education program, d) is a place where families can make investments with animal production in order and sell them during difficult times, e) gives a certain flexibility which allows part-time working while doing household activities and f) the poorest communities can access to them. 2) The reaction of local governments: Unfortunately, in many developing cities in the world, urban agriculture has been seen by the governments as an unattractive activity, relating them with problems with taxation, negative health impact etc. Furthermore, it goes without saying that there is a pressure of new inhabitants in the urban area, and the core of the cities expands while it also does the price of land. From my point of view, and I support the authors, there is a lack of knowledge about the importance of urban farming ant it is seeing like something transitory, difficult to quantify. I think there is a lack of social and human sciences while planning (and interacting with the actors) and this tendency should be avoided in the new projects. It could be for this interesting to complete this research and know what were the consequences produced by harassing urban crops in cities in order to understand them and maybe complete contra-models. How communities react? Is there any solution applied by local governments to replace the workplaces? 3) The integration of the urban agriculture into the African’s city’s planning: Already in 1994 (when this research has been done) the urban agriculture has been an important part of the city dynamics, existing in many different forms. Facing the irregularities which can create a reject from local governments, spatial planners and organisations shall find ways to check the potentialities and, always if possible, guarantee its integration into the urban fabric. Planners have first, from my point of view, to understand the East-African local reality in symbiosis with the global knowledge about environment and cities evolution. This document has been indeed an interesting practice which can guide some of the future city projects taking into consideration not only the environmental advantages but also the social ones which in the case of East-African cities play a crucial role. As the author shows, there is a need of urban land regulation regarding this special topic, often considered irregular or sporadic. A special framework supported by supranational organisation and NGO’s may help in this desire. Conclusion: It goes without saying that East-African cities are having an important demographic pressure (World Bank Data Sources) and the new development and policies are not always hand-by-hand with farming activities which tends to be replaced out of the city. How can planners answer then to the challenge of preserving urban crop-lands in the cities definition? Shall we create specific models to integrate the crops into the urban fabric? Which will be the positive and negative impacts on integrate the land-crops in the city areas? Urban planning needs to be adapt the identity and traditional sources of economy. The design and the policies to be taken for cities in which 5% or 50% of its inhabitants are farmers have to be different. But shall planers consider that the percentage of farmers will decrease and the cities will start to look like different than there are now? There is no a universal way of city as well as there is no a universal model to create a city. Planners are there to answer the urban needs and in the case of East-African cities, these are shaped by the Urban Agriculture.
Please log in to take part in the discussion (add own reviews or comments).