%0 Generic %1 Arthur96assetpricing %A Arthur, W. Brian %A Holland, John H. %A LeBaron, Blake %A Palmer, Richard %A Tayler, Paul %D 1996 %K analysis markets pricing technical trading %T Asset pricing under endogenous expectations in an artificial stock market %U http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.128.2902 %X We propose a theory of asset pricing based on heterogeneous agents who continually adapt their expectations to the market that these expectations aggregatively create. And we explore the implications of this theory computationally using our Santa Fe artificial stock market. Asset markets, we argue, have a recursive nature in that agents ’ expectations are formed on the basis of their anticipations of other agents ’ expectations, which precludes expectations being formed by deductive means. Instead traders continually hypothesize—continually explore—expectational models, buy or sell on the basis of those that perform best, and confirm or discard these according to their performance. Thus individual beliefs or expectations become endogenous to the market, and constantly compete within an ecology of others ’ beliefs or expectations. The ecology of beliefs co-evolves over time. Computer experiments with this endogenous-expectations market explain one of the more striking puzzles in finance: that market traders often believe in such concepts as technical trading, “market psychology, ” and bandwagon effects, while academic theorists believe in market efficiency and a lack of speculative opportunities. Both views, we show, are correct, but within different regimes. Within a regime where investors explore alternative expectational models at a low rate, the market settles into the rational-

@misc{Arthur96assetpricing, abstract = {We propose a theory of asset pricing based on heterogeneous agents who continually adapt their expectations to the market that these expectations aggregatively create. And we explore the implications of this theory computationally using our Santa Fe artificial stock market. Asset markets, we argue, have a recursive nature in that agents ’ expectations are formed on the basis of their anticipations of other agents ’ expectations, which precludes expectations being formed by deductive means. Instead traders continually hypothesize—continually explore—expectational models, buy or sell on the basis of those that perform best, and confirm or discard these according to their performance. Thus individual beliefs or expectations become endogenous to the market, and constantly compete within an ecology of others ’ beliefs or expectations. The ecology of beliefs co-evolves over time. Computer experiments with this endogenous-expectations market explain one of the more striking puzzles in finance: that market traders often believe in such concepts as technical trading, “market psychology, ” and bandwagon effects, while academic theorists believe in market efficiency and a lack of speculative opportunities. Both views, we show, are correct, but within different regimes. Within a regime where investors explore alternative expectational models at a low rate, the market settles into the rational-}, added-at = {2014-09-12T17:33:47.000+0200}, author = {Arthur, W. Brian and Holland, John H. and LeBaron, Blake and Palmer, Richard and Tayler, Paul}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/25da7c754156e57c0a23febbb759c25e3/krassi}, description = {Asset pricing under endogenous expectations in an artificial stock market}, interhash = {194f514f40e2d7f8894fdf44208be1a1}, intrahash = {5da7c754156e57c0a23febbb759c25e3}, keywords = {analysis markets pricing technical trading}, timestamp = {2014-09-12T17:33:47.000+0200}, title = {Asset pricing under endogenous expectations in an artificial stock market}, url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.128.2902}, year = 1996 }