%0 Journal Article %1 Gandolfo1996 %A Gandolfo, F %A Mussa-Ivaldi, F A %A Bizzi, E %D 1996 %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA %K adaptation arm coordinates generalization intrinsic learning of regularization trajectories %P 3843-3846 %T Motor learning by field approximation %V 93 %X We investigated how human subjects adapt to forces perturbing the motion of their arms. We found that this kind of learning is based on the capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to predict and therefore to cancel externally applied perturbing forces. Our experimental results indicate: (i) that the ability of the CNS to compensate for the perturbing forces is restricted to those spatial locations where the perturbations have been experienced by the moving arm. The subjects also are able to compensate for forces experienced at neighboring workspace locations. However, adaptation decays smoothly and quickly with distance from the locations where disturbances had been sensed by the moving limb. (ii) Our experiments also show that the CNS builds an internal model of the external perturbing forces in intrinsic (muscle and or joints) coordinates

@article{Gandolfo1996, abstract = {We investigated how human subjects adapt to forces perturbing the motion of their arms. We found that this kind of learning is based on the capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to predict and therefore to cancel externally applied perturbing forces. Our experimental results indicate: (i) that the ability of the CNS to compensate for the perturbing forces is restricted to those spatial locations where the perturbations have been experienced by the moving arm. The subjects also are able to compensate for forces experienced at neighboring workspace locations. However, adaptation decays smoothly and quickly with distance from the locations where disturbances had been sensed by the moving limb. (ii) Our experiments also show that the CNS builds an internal model of the external perturbing forces in intrinsic (muscle and or joints) coordinates}, added-at = {2009-06-26T15:25:19.000+0200}, author = {Gandolfo, F and {Mussa-Ivaldi}, F A and Bizzi, E}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b12b49f598a1d33c3f905a492cf8ecf1/butz}, comment = {okay for expra}, description = {diverse cognitive systems bib}, interhash = {4b6d554edaadc7d2d642f150676704fd}, intrahash = {b12b49f598a1d33c3f905a492cf8ecf1}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA}, keywords = {adaptation arm coordinates generalization intrinsic learning of regularization trajectories}, owner = {martin}, pages = { 3843-3846}, review = {Subjects performed short reaching movements in a curl field (distance = ?) Movements in more remote directions from the trained once resulted in reduced aftereffects. B. S grasped the handle in two fashions 1) palm on the horizontal plane, 2) fist with thumb up. in 1) no ff was applied, in 2) a ff was applied. Initial interference between both movement types goes down to zero. -> Initially, there is interference, finally, Ss learn to distinguish both situations. Ss are not able to distinguish if non-movement relevant cues indicate ff, like room lightning, thumb position.}, timestamp = {2009-06-26T15:25:30.000+0200}, title = {Motor learning by field approximation}, volume = 93, year = 1996 }