%0 Journal Article %1 Fridleifsson2003 %A Fridleifsson, Ingvar B. %D 2003 %J Geothermics %K 2003 energy geothermal status %N 4-6 %P 379 - 388 %R 10.1016/j.geothermics.2003.07.004 %T Status of geothermal energy amongst the world's energy sources %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2003.07.004 %V 32 %X The world primary energy consumption is about 400 EJ/year, mostly provided by fossil fuels (80\%). The renewables collectively provide 14\% of the primary energy, in the form of traditional biomass (10\%), large (>10 MW) hydropower stations (2\%), and the "new renewables" (2\%). Nuclear energy provides 6\%. The World Energy Council expects the world primary energy consumption to have grown by 50-275\% in 2050, depending on different scenarios. The renewable energy sources are expected to provide 20-40\% of the primary energy in 2050 and 30-80\% in 2100. The technical potential of the renewables is estimated at 7600 EJ/year, and thus certainly sufficiently large to meet future world energy requirements. Of the total electricity production from renewables of 2826 TWh in 1998, 92\% came from hydropower, 5.5\% from biomass, 1.6\% from geothermal and 0.6\% from wind. Solar electricity contributed 0.05\% and tidal 0.02\%. The electricity cost is 2-10 US¢/kWh for geothermal and hydro, 5-13 US¢/kWh for wind, 5-15 US¢/kWh for biomass, 25-125 US¢/kWh for solar photovoltaic and 12-18 US¢/kWh for solar thermal electricity. Biomass constitutes 93\% of the total direct heat production from renewables, geothermal 5\%, and solar heating 2\%. Heat production from renewables is commercially competitive with conventional energy sources. Direct heat from biomass costs 1-5 US¢/kWh, geothermal 0.5-5 US¢/kWh, and solar heating 3-20 US¢/kWh.

@article{Fridleifsson2003, abstract = {The world primary energy consumption is about 400 EJ/year, mostly provided by fossil fuels (80\%). The renewables collectively provide 14\% of the primary energy, in the form of traditional biomass (10\%), large (>10 MW) hydropower stations (2\%), and the "new renewables" (2\%). Nuclear energy provides 6\%. The World Energy Council expects the world primary energy consumption to have grown by 50-275\% in 2050, depending on different scenarios. The renewable energy sources are expected to provide 20-40\% of the primary energy in 2050 and 30-80\% in 2100. The technical potential of the renewables is estimated at 7600 EJ/year, and thus certainly sufficiently large to meet future world energy requirements. Of the total electricity production from renewables of 2826 TWh in 1998, 92\% came from hydropower, 5.5\% from biomass, 1.6\% from geothermal and 0.6\% from wind. Solar electricity contributed 0.05\% and tidal 0.02\%. The electricity cost is 2-10 US¢/kWh for geothermal and hydro, 5-13 US¢/kWh for wind, 5-15 US¢/kWh for biomass, 25-125 US¢/kWh for solar photovoltaic and 12-18 US¢/kWh for solar thermal electricity. Biomass constitutes 93\% of the total direct heat production from renewables, geothermal 5\%, and solar heating 2\%. Heat production from renewables is commercially competitive with conventional energy sources. Direct heat from biomass costs 1-5 US¢/kWh, geothermal 0.5-5 US¢/kWh, and solar heating 3-20 US¢/kWh.}, added-at = {2011-01-19T18:06:03.000+0100}, author = {Fridleifsson, Ingvar B.}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/239550677c4ba50deab49bd284c2e1947/thorade}, description = {ScienceDirect - Geothermics : Status of geothermal energy amongst the world's energy sources}, doi = {10.1016/j.geothermics.2003.07.004}, interhash = {50339dd274a5582dd83272ac1f75bbde}, intrahash = {39550677c4ba50deab49bd284c2e1947}, issn = {0375-6505}, journal = {Geothermics}, keywords = {2003 energy geothermal status}, note = {Selected Papers from the European Geothermal Conference 2003}, number = {4-6}, pages = {379 - 388}, timestamp = {2011-07-21T11:24:24.000+0200}, title = {Status of geothermal energy amongst the world's energy sources}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2003.07.004}, volume = 32, year = 2003 }