Abstract
National cultures are distinguished from organizational cultures.
The first have been studied from over 50 countries, and described
with the help of five dimensions. The differences shown set limits
to the validity of management theories across borders. Special attention
is paid to characteristics of East Asian cultures that help explain
the recent economic success of these countries. Organizational cultures
were studied across 20 organizational units in Denmark and the Netherlands;
this research identified six dimensions of organizational cultures.
The findings lead to a number of suggestions for the management of
organizational cultures. Managing international business means handling
both national and organizational culture differences at the same
time. Organizational cultures are somewhat manageable while national
cultures are given facts for management; common organizational cultures
across borders are what keeps multinationals together.
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