Commentary. Academic fraud and research misconduct can manifest in many ways. In the olden days, we tend to think of research misconduct as falsifying or fabrication of data, or copying from other publications, including the author's own previous or simultaneous publications. In recent years, academic fraud has taken a more sophisticated turn. In Postgraduate Medical Journal (PMJ), Qi et al reported on retractions related to faked peer reviews.1 To read the full article, log in using your NHS OpenAthens details.