In a letter written in 1530, Fabio Vigili warned Benedetto Egio against the dangers of forgery in general and Annius in particular, and in the 1540s Matal considered it important to include a copy of this letter in his annotations to Mazochi's Epigrammata. By then scholars were exchanging names of suspected sources and discussing signs of forgery, from suspicious circumstances of finding to Matal's general advice to suspect anything from Spain. S. demonstrates how with the development of epigraphical knowledge scholars were becoming especially good at detecting inscriptions concocted on the basis of literary records. The same development, however, altered the nature of forgeries, and there started to appear counterfeits based on other inscriptions, rather than on literary sources, the detection of which proved harder. Here S. offers a most fascinating discussion of Pirro Ligorio, who prolifically forged inscriptions, basing them on existing ones, but also sometimes relying on literary and other evidence.