Abstract
We describe and review methods for the kinetic analysis of G protein-coupled
receptor (GPCR) activation and signaling that are based on optical
methods. In particular, we describe the use of fluorescence resonance
energy transfer (FRET) as a means of analyzing conformational changes
within a single protein (for example a receptor) or between subunits
of a protein complex (such as a G protein heterotrimer) and finally
between distinct proteins (such as a receptor and a G protein). These
methods allow the analysis of signaling kinetics in intact cells
with proteins that retain their essential functional properties.
They have produced a number of unexpected results: fast receptor
activation kinetics in the millisecond range, similarly fast kinetics
for receptor-G protein interactions, but much slower activation kinetics
for G protein activation.
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