%0 Book Section %1 statphys23_0325 %A Nikulov, A.V. %B Abstract Book of the XXIII IUPAP International Conference on Statistical Physics %C Genova, Italy %D 2007 %E Pietronero, Luciano %E Loreto, Vittorio %E Zapperi, Stefano %K breach current direct equilibrium law mesoscopic quantum second statphys23 symmetry system thermodynamics topic-1 %T Challenge to the second law of thermodynamics is a most obvious consequence of quantum principle on mesoscopic level. %U http://st23.statphys23.org/webservices/abstract/preview_pop.php?ID_PAPER=325 %X Most scientists consider any challenge to the second law of thermodynamics as no scientific problem. Nevertheless I must try once again to explain that challenge to the second law of thermodynamics is a most obvious consequence of quantum principle on mesoscopic level. My doubt about the second law was provoked ten years ago by an experimental result described in the section Nikulov Inhomogeneous Loop of the book 1. The observation of the dc voltage on segments of asymmetric aluminum loop near its superconducting transition 2 is unambiguous experimental evidence of a dc power which can be used for an useful work. But the observation of a dc power in itself is not challenge to the second law since the dc voltage can be induced by a non-equilibrium noise. The challenge results from the periodical change of sign and value of the dc voltage in magnetic field with period corresponding to the flux quantum inside the loop 2. The latter means that direction of the dc electric field changes periodically with value of the magnetic field because of the Bohr’s quantization 3. Thus, we see that the Bohr’s quantization violates symmetry between opposite directions on the mesoscopic level 4. The foundation of our belief in the second law was expressed by Maxwell as far back as 1878 5 in the words: the second law is drawn from our experience of bodies consisting of an immense number of molecules. But the second law is based not only on this experience but also on a postulate of absolute randomness of any equilibrium motion which seems self-evident because symmetry between opposite directions. This symmetry seems also self-evident. But the experiment 2 and quantum principles prove that even these self-evidences are violated on mesoscopic level. 1) V. Capek and D. Sheehan, Challenges to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Theory and Experiment. Springer, 2005.\\ 2) S.V. Dubonos et al. in Proceedings of 10th International Symposium NANOSTRUCTURES: Physics and Technology, St Petersburg: Ioffe Institute, p. 350 (2002); e-print arXiv: cond-mat/0305337.\\ 3) A.V. Nikulov, the Invited lecture at the FQMT04, July 2004, Prague; e-print arXiv: cond-mat/0505508; the talk at the 13th General Meeting of the EPS Beyond Einstein - Physics for the 21th Century, Bern, Switzerland, July 2005.\\ 4) A.V. Nikulov, the talk at the Eighth International Symposium Frontiers of Fundamental Physics, Madrid, October, 2006; e-print arXiv: cond-mat/0506653.\\ 5) J.C. Maxwell, Nature (London) 17, 257 (1878).

@incollection{statphys23_0325, abstract = {Most scientists consider any challenge to the second law of thermodynamics as no scientific problem. Nevertheless I must try once again to explain that challenge to the second law of thermodynamics is a most obvious consequence of quantum principle on mesoscopic level. My doubt about the second law was provoked ten years ago by an experimental result described in the section {\it Nikulov Inhomogeneous Loop} of the book [1]. The observation of the dc voltage on segments of asymmetric aluminum loop near its superconducting transition [2] is unambiguous experimental evidence of a dc power which can be used for an useful work. But the observation of a dc power in itself is not challenge to the second law since the dc voltage can be induced by a non-equilibrium noise. The challenge results from the periodical change of sign and value of the dc voltage in magnetic field with period corresponding to the flux quantum inside the loop [2]. The latter means that direction of the dc electric field changes periodically with value of the magnetic field because of the Bohr’s quantization [3]. Thus, we see that the Bohr’s quantization violates symmetry between opposite directions on the mesoscopic level [4]. The foundation of our belief in the second law was expressed by Maxwell as far back as 1878 [5] in the words: {\it the second law is drawn from our experience of bodies consisting of an immense number of molecules}. But the second law is based not only on this experience but also on a postulate of absolute randomness of any equilibrium motion which seems self-evident because symmetry between opposite directions. This symmetry seems also self-evident. But the experiment [2] and quantum principles prove that even these self-evidences are violated on mesoscopic level. 1) V. Capek and D. Sheehan, {\it Challenges to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Theory and Experiment}. Springer, 2005.\\ 2) S.V. Dubonos et al. in Proceedings of 10th International Symposium {\it NANOSTRUCTURES: Physics and Technology}, St Petersburg: Ioffe Institute, p. 350 (2002); e-print arXiv: cond-mat/0305337.\\ 3) A.V. Nikulov, the Invited lecture at the FQMT04, July 2004, Prague; e-print arXiv: cond-mat/0505508; the talk at {\it the 13th General Meeting of the EPS Beyond Einstein - Physics for the 21th Century}, Bern, Switzerland, July 2005.\\ 4) A.V. Nikulov, the talk at {\it the Eighth International Symposium Frontiers of Fundamental Physics}, Madrid, October, 2006; e-print arXiv: cond-mat/0506653.\\ 5) J.C. Maxwell, Nature (London) 17, 257 (1878).}, added-at = {2007-06-20T10:16:09.000+0200}, address = {Genova, Italy}, author = {Nikulov, A.V.}, biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2c8d5769e1263c9e6163c4c7dec9a88bf/statphys23}, booktitle = {Abstract Book of the XXIII IUPAP International Conference on Statistical Physics}, editor = {Pietronero, Luciano and Loreto, Vittorio and Zapperi, Stefano}, interhash = {ac56afebaa196c33b0cd04283e0b3dbb}, intrahash = {c8d5769e1263c9e6163c4c7dec9a88bf}, keywords = {breach current direct equilibrium law mesoscopic quantum second statphys23 symmetry system thermodynamics topic-1}, month = {9-13 July}, timestamp = {2007-06-20T10:16:17.000+0200}, title = {Challenge to the second law of thermodynamics is a most obvious consequence of quantum principle on mesoscopic level.}, url = {http://st23.statphys23.org/webservices/abstract/preview_pop.php?ID_PAPER=325}, year = 2007 }