PhD thesis,

Roles and identities in emerging adulthood: A longitudinal analysis of gender development

.
Wayne State University, Ann Arbor, Ph.D., (2007)(ISSP).

Abstract

Objective. Significant literature has been devoted to the development of gender roles and gender-typed identities in childhood, as well as how familial predictors such as maternal employment relate to gender roles. However, very little research has examined the longitudinal change in roles and identities following childhood, nor has it focused on how past familial factors and present lifestyle factors affect initial levels or developmental changes in these gender characteristics. Method. Latent growth curves were used to estimate changes in gender roles and gender-typed identity in 1822 adolescents at age 17, 19, and 21. Furthermore, the study researched the effect of past familial factors (e.g. family structure, maternal employment, maternal and paternal education, and childhood socio-economic status) as well as present lifestyle factors (e.g. marital status, parental status, occupation) on both the initial level and change in roles and identities. Data utilized in the study originated from several longitudinal waves collected by the Michigan Study of Adolescent and Adult Life Transitions, a project examining educational and psychological aspects of the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Results. Significant change occurred between adolescence and emerging adulthood for both men and women. Both genders demonstrated increasingly nontraditional gender roles over time, with women endorsing more nontraditional gender roles beliefs at each time point. Identities appeared to become increasingly differentiated, in that women perceived themselves as more feminine with time, and men perceived themselves as more masculine. Maternal education was predictive of initial values in gender-typed identities, while paternal education and maternal employment related to variation in developmental change. Status as a college student was related to initial values of gender role beliefs. Gender was highly predictive of gender role and gender-typed identity initial values and change over time, suggesting that men and women evidence very different developmental trends. Conclusion. Information gathered in the present study highlights the need for further research concerning lifelong development in gender characteristics, and suggests that several familial and environmental predictors continue to be predictive of change occurring later in life.

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